Academic Papers

Sustainable Society Essay

2011-11-11T03:03:00.000-08:00

Within the international scientific community there is almost an international consensus that the ecological limits of the earth are being exceeded in many areas.

The need for "sustainable development", based on notions of inter and intra-generational equity has been widely espoused by Governments the world over. However, the situation remains in which approximately 20% of the world's population accounts for 80% of total annual resource consumption. The rate of consumption of natural resources (both renewable and non-renewable) continues to increase and the gap between rich and poor continues to widen. Massive biodiversity loss continues unabated. Economic and political power is becoming increasingly centralized and unaccountable.

The high profile "Sustainable Europe" project was the culmination of a 5 year Sustainable Societies Program. At the core of this project was the concept of "Fair Shares in Environmental Space". Environmental Space is effectively a way of measuring sustainability in terms of resource use (energy, non-renewable resources, agricultural land and forests). The notion of "fair shares" introduces the principle of equity in access to environmental space (which is limited by the carrying capacity of the earth) between countries.

There is much consensus amongst FoE groups around the world that contemporary local and global environmental problems and social inequalities are strongly connected to the massive over-consumption of resources in the North, and that the North may need to reduce consumption levels by up to 90% if we are to move towards the establishment of sustainable and equitable societies.

When addressing the issue of sustainability, Western European countries are typically in the situation of having, among otherthings, high per capita consumption rates, relatively high population density, a relatively poor natural resource base (already expended) and few if any "wilderness" areas to protect from industrial development. The material intensity of these economies relies on a massive flow of resources from poorer "Southern" countries. In this context, it has made sense for the sustainability work of Western European FoE groups to focus on reducing resource consumption.

Essay on School Days

2011-09-17T06:57:00.000-07:00

I enjoyed School Days because I felt there was a very natural progression throughout the novel. Patrick Chamoiseau, the author, is very consistent in his thought process and this allows readers to become part of the journey of his childhood education. The language is playful and appropriate to the child narrator. I found this novel to share many fundamental characteristics to Richard Rodriguez's Hunger of Memory: The Education of Richard Rodriguez. Ultimately, I found that School Days was the more effective of the two novels because it left a margin of possibilities that Rodriguez's book did not have. In this essay I will explain what I find to be the fundamental characteristics that the two novels share, and I will explore what I feel is the major difference between the two authors' educational background and how that has affected their writing.

The two authors chose to explore a variety of similar themes such as: what happens when children become educated outside the home, what happens when children are educated outside of their native languages, the quandary that children find themselves in between their native language that represents home life and a new language in their quests to fit in at school. This last case is where they slightly differ. Although both young Richard and young Patrick (whom we will call the unnamed character in School Days) choose to keep their confusion, hurt, shame, and anxiety regarding school to themselves, their reasoning is slightly different. Rodriguez could feel himself exceeding his parents' educational level and did not want to flaunt things that they did not understand around the house. Patrick did not want his mother to know that he was not doing well in school. He did not want his mother to be upset with him, knowing how highly she thinks of education and school,"He kept his failures secret, along with the scoldings and the wallops, because Mam Ninotte seemed to confer supreme authority upon the school." (Chamoiseau, p.74).

The difference in the two writings is that Rodriguez makes it seem as if every bilingual child goes through exactly what he went through. Chamoiseau, on the other hand, tells his story and indirectly shares with his readers an alternative experience. In the case of an irate mother who comes to the school in her child's defense of a wrong she felt was committed to him/her by one of the teachers, "There too, a mama furious with some Teacher would come, loudly demanding an explanation" (Chamoiseau, p.88).

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Of Mice and Men essay

2011-05-05T07:14:00.000-07:00

The novel Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck is a short novel made up of six parts and its setting is California of the United States in the 1930s, a time of the Great Depression. The action of the whole story takes place within several days and it is focused on a farmhouse by the side of the Salina River in California. The story is about the experience of two working hands, Lennie and George, in a bunkhouse. These two men earn their living in the ranch as labours and they have their devotion to working just because they share their common dream of owning a farm together in their future. It is a pity that Lennie's killing of Curley's wife breaks their dream and forces George to kill Lennie with his own hand. The novel is a social novel describing the hard life of the Americans in the west in the 1930s. Throughout the story, the author would like to bring out his most explicit theme that we human beings exist and make efforts in life just because we have a dream for our future and once the dream breaks, we lose all our inertia for work.

Of the few characters in the novel, the two most important ones are George and Lennie. It is difficult to identify which one is the protagonist since the two play an equal part in the development of the plot. Lennie has to depend on the intelligent advice from George while George has to rely on the gigantic strength of Lennie. They are so interdependent on each other that they generate an intimate relationship, a relationship that arouses the suspicion of those in the farm. George has a sense of responsibility as he accepts the duty of looking after his retarded partner Lennie. However, Lennie has his own problems, the problem of petting soft things and having no brains. (I should say that) They are both character foils to each other. Physically, George is small and skinny while Lennie is "strong as a horse" and "as big as a bear". George, as the author describes, is a small fellow with a "small and quick, dark" and bony nose." He describes Lennie as a "huge man, shapeless" His arms did not swing at his sides, but hung loosely." Mentally, George is smart while Lennie has a child's mind. George makes the decision for both and has promised Aunt Clara to look after Lennie.

Both characters are static characters as they learn nothing from their experience in the story. I learn much about the two characters through indirect presentation since the author puts a lot of conversations in the novel. In my opinion, the characters of Lennie and George are a little bit exaggerated because it is difficult to find such a pair in real life. At least, there is no such sincerity existing between two persons today. What we find today are characters who can only share mutual benefits in a practical world. As long as a person's value of being manipulated does not exist, co-operation or friendship evaporates. In the story, there are other minor characters such as the boss' son Curley and his wife and the ranch helpers like the old man Candy and Crooks.

The conflicts of man versus man are common in the story. Curley is jealous of the strong and muscular Lennie. The critical conflict comes with Lennie grabbing Curley's fist and crushing the latter's hand. The coincidence of killing Candy's old dog from behind foreshadows the killing of Lennie by George from behind. The loneliness of Curley's wife encourages her to come into close contact with Lennie, thus meeting her death. George's advice to Lennie on hiding near the Salina River foreshadows Lennie's hiding after he has killed Curley's wife. These coincidences , when weaved together, give the story a sense of coherence and smooth plot development. The author's purposes in writing the novel are twofold. First , he wants to reveal that human beings need mutual trust and companionship. Secondly, human beings need a dream to survive.

Curley and his wife lack companionship because they do not trust each other. On the other hand, the author shows that mutual trust and communication enable George and Lennie to take care of each other. In order to survive, George and Lennie are given the hope of owning a farm of their own by the author. Such a dream allows the two to work hard in the ranch and support their life spiritually. On the other hand, Curley's wife loses her dream of being a Hollywood star after her marriage, thus making her life empty and meaningless.

The novel is mainly told in the form of a dialogue and I look upon it as a play-novel. However, there are some instances when the writer enters the mind of all the characters and see through their thoughts and actions. Thus (I may also say that) the novel is written in the omniscient point of view. The author has the ability to pay attention in describing details. I do appreciate his detailed description of the bunk house and the surroundings in the Salina River. "The bunk house was a long, rectangular building. Inside, the walls were whitewashed and the floor unpainted. In three walls there were small, square windows, and in the fourth, a solid door with a wooden latch." (19) He is also able to pour emotions into the dialogue from which the readers can feel the inner feelings of the characters. "Let's have different color rabbits, George." "Sure we will," George said sleepily. "Red and blue and green rabbits, Lennie. Millions of 'em."(17) The conversation reveals Lennie's wishes and George's impatience and sleepiness. In using the lot of informal grammar and content , the author deliberately tries to make the readers feel that we are enjoying the conversations of the lower-class people in the 1930s.

I like the novel because I learn much from reading it. Apart from understanding the background of Steinbeck's time in the 1930s, I also know that the stronger ones are not always clever while the physically weaker ones may be those who manipulate others through their intelligence. I also find that loneliness is a horrible thing on Earth and therefore we need companionship and communication. Moreover, we also need a dream to enrich our life and future. Finally, I learn that racial discrimination is wrong because it is unfair to the black people. The novel has a universal appeal although it is set in the 1930s. We accept that we need communication and understanding and a dream for survival. The ending gives me surprises because George not only fails to materialize the dream of owning a farm with Lennie but also has to kill Lennie with his own hand. From another angle, the novel is a tragedy since there are the death of Curley's wife, the killing of Lennie by George and the breaking up of friendship between George and Lennie.

I shower pity on Curley's wife because she is the loneliest character in the novel. Moreover, the killing of Candy's old dog leaves Candy without a companion. I came across another novel called The Grapes of Wrath by the same author some years ago. There is a similar setting like that of Of Mice and Men and it also has a tragic ending when those migrating from the east fail to find a hand-to-mouth living in the west despite the so-called prosperity in the west. Although it is miserable for me to accept the tragic ending in Of Mice and Men, the story successfully leaves a deep impression in my mind. The characters and its themes do stimulate my thinking and give me a new perspective of human relationship and companionship. Seldom do I get a book so worthy of reading. I have got a lot in terms of knowledge, human experience and entertainment through reading the novel. In short, I would give the novel Of Mice and Men a rating of 9 out of 10 when I recommend it to students in Grades 11 and 12.

The Age of Napoleon Essay

2010-11-04T03:57:00.000-07:00

Napoleon Bonaparte was a minor Corsican aristocrat who fought his way up to be Emperor of France. He was a dictator that advanced many of the goals of the Revolution. He represented change in the government and social processes. His motto was to be ruled by him or fight against him. He was well-known for his conquests all over Europe.

Some of the battles he fought and won were Marengo in June 1800 in which he defeated Austria, Austerlitz on December 2, 1805 in which he defeated the Russian and Austrian armies, Jena-Auerstadt and Friedland on June 14, 1807 in which he defeated the Russian Army in Poland. This led to the signing of the Treaty of Tilsit by Czar Alexander I in 1807. After this, Napoleon controlled the majority of Europe. By 1811, nearly all of Europe except for the Balkans was included in his Grand Empire.

Napoleon had a large family and he often appointed his brothers and sisters, distant relatives and faithful servants to royal positions in the countries he conquered. All of Napoleon’s takeovers followed the same pattern. At the beginning, his army would take over the area. Then, he would use his influence on the government to draft a new constitution. Then he would appoint a relative as the ruler to make sure the conquest would be loyal to him. His empire followed his orders and his rules. By 1811 his dream of a unified Europe under his rule was becoming a reality.

The reality of his dream soon came to an end when he was finally defeated in April 1814 and was exiled to Elba. Even though he was not an evil ruler, he was forceful when he took over other countries. Great Britain was the major stumbling block in Napoleon’s grand plan of conquering all of Europe and to make it unified. He even fought during his exile to Elba but was eventually defeated one last time.

Napoleon Bonaparte was a fighter from day one, working his way up from French general to Emperor. He fought to the end when he suffered a bloody defeat at Waterloo on June 18, 1815 and was exiled to Saint Helena. He eventually died in 1821 but his memory will haunt the French political life forever.

Global Warming Essay

2009-08-20T03:06:00.000-07:00

Imagine a world where the landlocked state of Idaho is now prime oceanfront property and almost all of the major cities in the world are covered by water, a place where the average temperature ten degrees higher, and instead of California, Canada and Siberia now have the prime agricultural climates and tropical diseases are worldwide (Kyoto 13). This isn’t a science fiction movie. It is the predicted worst-case scenario if we continue to pollute the environment with greenhouse gases. Global warming is a serious threat that could threaten the existence of our civilization.

Some suggest that this horrible scenario is impossible and that global warming is all hype and no substance. They blame the global warming frenzy on ulterior political motives, faulty scientific data and a misinformed media. Unfortunately for us, this point of view is wrong and global warming is a serious threat.

Those who argue that it is all political hype say that politicians are making a big deal out of this issue in order to advance their political position. The author of one article dedicated to this viewpoint says, “The VP has been revving up his political engine on high octane global warming hype recently. This is probably the prelude to his expect bid for the White House in the next presidential election. He claims that the signatures of 2,500 scientists from the IPCC and record high temperatures this summer should seal the debate forever.” He and others who agree argue that these actions by the Vice President are based solely on his political agenda and faulty scientific data. They claim that the data Al Gore is using to base his decisions shows an increase in global temperature but isn’t credible because most of the temperatures were taken in urban areas where they can be skewed by the heat conducting properties of concrete and asphalt that are common in urban areas().

This argument does have a point, but there is one inconsistency. Why is Antarctica, a place with no manmade objects, experiencing the warmest years in all of history? There is no denying this fact. Climate records of Antarctica show that in the last half-century temperatures have risen almost 3 degrees Celsius and the ice shelves are disappearing at an alarming rate. “Between 1966 and 1989 most of the Wordie Ice Shelf, 502 square miles, disappeared. And over the past 18 months, two of the peninsula’s largest ice shelves have lost nearly 1,100 square miles of their total area, a sheet of ice about the size of Rhode Island,” says Mary Roach, author of “Antarctica’s Hot Spot”. Nobody can dispute the rising sea levels either, which is an effect of the melting ice.

Another position that many people argue is that the media, who have no hard, cold facts to go by, have blown up the issue of global warming in order to create controversy that will sell more papers and attract more viewers. Unfortunately, the media didn’t just cook this scheme up to make more money, they based it on undeniable scientific evidence. The fact that the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has risen drastically is a phenomenon that isn’t possible to dispute. Before the industrial revolution, amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere was 270 parts per million. Today it is almost 360 parts per million due to our emissions from burning fossil fuels. “There is no known geologic precedent for large increases of atmospheric CO2 without simultaneous changes in other components of the carbon cycle and climate system,” states ;dj;lad. This means that throughout the earth’s geological history, there has never been a case where the CO2 level has risen and the climate hasn’t changed. Scientific evidence from core samples proves this. Unfortunately, today, the rise in CO2 hasn’t been natural as in the past, but has been imposed by us humans. The consequences of this unnatural balance could be devastating.

Global warming occurs because we are spewing emission gases into the atmosphere from burning fossil fuels. These gases, with carbon dioxide being the main culprit, prevent solar heat from escaping the earth’s atmosphere, resulting in a rise in temperature, or the greenhouse effect. Already scientists around the world are detecting the numerous and dangerous effects of global warming. (Johnson 18).

These effects include rising sea levels, killer heat waves, outbreaks of tropical diseases, altered weather patterns, increased numbers of floods and hurricanes, and affected agricultural harvests (Calvin 49).

The most widely accepted effect from global warming is rising sea levels , which could dramatically transform our planet. Polar sea ice and alpine glaciers have been steadily receding over the last two decades (Wheeler 96). If the huge polar ice caps disgorge their enormous volume of fresh water into the sea, the abrupt rise in the sea level will cover coastal and low-lying lands around the globe. Fifty percent of the world’s major cites are located on the coast, as well as many natural treasures such as the Florida Everglades and the Hawaiian Islands (“What We’ve Learned”). All of these coastal areas would be submerged. The sea has already risen four inches since the turn of the century and it is expected to rise much more abruptly. Earth could possibly become a water world (Kyoto 14).

The effect on the world’s climate from increasing temperatures could be just as devastating. Floods, droughts, heat waves and plagues are all on the rise. The eleven warmest years in history have occurred since 1980. Increasing temperatures will cause much more precipitation in certain parts of the world, leading to many deadly floods (Johnson 22). Conversely, other parts of the globe will see a reduction in rainfall and deserts will relentlessly overtake thousands of square miles of habitable land (Sclener 97). Northern areas such as Europe, Russia, Canada, and the northern United States could have milder winters. This at first glance may seem like a good thing. However the changing climates can allow tropical diseases to move into higher latitudes and affect people and animals that have no immunity to the new viruses. Already deadly rodent viruses are showing up in areas of Africa and the American Southwest that were previously unknown to affect humans (Sclener 23).

As if these changes in sea level and climate are not scary enough, the changes to agriculture around the world could be the most threatening of all. Many third world countries depend on agriculture for their entire export economy as well as the primary source of food for their citizens. Entire countries could lose their agriculture base because of altered climate patterns (Johnson 55). At our current rate of pollution, all of these disasters are expected to take place in as little as fifty years (Calvin 55).

The phenomenon of global warming is an extremely serious matter. Not just hype as many claim. The scientific evidence of increased greenhouse gases, melting ice sheets and rise in sea level are undeniable facts. If we don’t do something to prevent this from increasing, our entire civilization is at risk.

We can stop continued global warming by enticing industries to switch to more energy efficient fuels like natural gas. We can reduce our dependence on fossil fuels by driving more fuel efficient cars, installing solar cells on our roofs, and relying more on wind, solar, hydroelectric, and nuclear power for our electricity. The governments of the world need to look past the perceived economic drawbacks of reducing our use of fossil fuels and realize the enormous economic potential of emerging environmental technology that could prevent global warming (Sclener). Global warming is real and we need to stop it now before it is too late.

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Cancer Research Paper

2009-08-18T06:46:00.000-07:00

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the world today. Studies show that one in three people will suffer from some form of cancer in their lifetime. There are many different kinds of cancer that effect different parts of the body. Cancer is treated in various different ways. Some forms of cancer are curable, and some are not.

Cancer usually comes from the formation of a tumor. Tumors form in the body when cells are produced unnecessarily. That is to say, that new cells are formed when they are not needed, and they group together to form a tumor. The tumor can be benign, which means that it is non-cancerous, or it can be malignant, which means that it is cancerous. If cells break away from a malignant tumor, they will enter the bloodstream, and spread throughout the body, damaging other parts of the body.

Quite often, cancer appears with no definite cause. However, there are some activities that people engage in, that increase the risk of cancer. Smoking can cause cancer of the lung, mouth, and throat. Alcohol can cause cancer of the mouth, throat, and liver. Also, exposure to radiation and sunlight (or ultra-violet rays) can cause skin cancer. The exact cause of cancer still remains a mystery.

Cancer can be detected early on by certain symptoms. As cancer progresses through it’s various stages, it will produce certain symptoms. The symptoms depend on the size and location of the cancer. In some areas, symptoms will not appear until the cancer is very large, making the cancer much more difficult to treat. The general symptoms of cancer are fever, fatigue, severe weight loss, an alter of metabolism, blood clots, weakness and dizziness, and sores that don’t heal.

There are various different methods of treatment for cancer. Surgery is typically the first choice of most patients. If the cancer is localized, meaning it hasn’t spread, surgery is the best option. The surgeon will remove the tumor and the surrounding tissue. Surgery offers the greatest chance of a cure. The next method of treatment, which is usually a patient’s second choice, is chemotherapy. This method treats cancer cells that have spread.

Chemotherapy is used depending on the type of cancer, and the stage it is in. Chemotherapy will usually slow the cancer down, and keep it from spreading, and occasionally offer a cure. Chemotherapy specifically treats cancer by injecting strong medicine to a patient, and allowing the drugs to travel throughout the body. This treatment is given in cycles. The total course lasts six months. It reduces the risk of the cancer returning. The side effects include vomiting, hair loss, infections, and fatigue. The last treatment, which is usually a last resort, is Radiation. Radiation also treats localized cancer. It destroys cancer cells, so they don’t multiply. It is used alone, or in addition to Chemotherapy. More than one half of people with cancer undergo Radiation. Radiation is the process of external high-energy rays or implants inserted near the tumor, destroying the cancer cells. Radiation is given five days a week for five to eight weeks.

There are certain kinds of doctors who specialize in the treatment of cancer. These doctors are known in the medical world as Hematologists and Oncologists. These doctors specialize in the medical diagnosis and the treatment of cancer. They specialize in choosing between chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. They are trained to recognize the warning signs and symptoms of cancer, and to diagnose the various types of cancer.

The term remission refers to a period of time when the cancer is responding to its treatment. When a patient is in remission, the cancer is under control. When someone is in complete remission, all signs and symptoms disappear. In partial remission, the cancer shrinks, but is still there. Remission can last anywhere from several weeks to many years. If the disease returns, another remission can be followed by further treatment.

With all kinds of cancer, there are seven major warning signs. These seven signs found in one person would indicate that the person may be suffering from some type of cancer, and this person should see a doctor immediately. The seven warning signs are a significant change in bowel or bladder habits, a sore that does not heal, unusual bleeding or discharge, thickening or lumps in breast, indigestion or difficulty swallowing, obvious changes in wart or mole, and a nagging cough or hoarseness.
One specific type of cancer is called Angiosarcomas, or cancer of the endothelial cells. This is a rare, and very serious form of cancer. This type of cancer occurs in the head and neck region, and it usually appears in the scalp of the elderly. Occasionally it is found in the oral cavity. When it appears, it is usually a painless, rounded mass, and it may have a bluish hue. Once this tumor first appears, growth is very rapid. For the most part, treatment involves the surgical removal of the mass. However, this form of cancer is rather rare, and it is hard to diagnose early on. Because of this, about half of the individuals who suffer from it die within fifteen months of diagnosis, and only about twelve percent will live for five years or more. With this type of cancer, the earlier it is detected, the better the chance of survival. In other words, the smaller the tumor is when treatment begins, the better the chances of survival. While this disease has occurred in infants, it typically occurs in people with an average age of sixty-five years old. The lesion is usually painless. It is attached to surrounding tissues, and usually grows very rapidly. However, occasionally it can grow very slowly.

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Professional Dissertation Writers

2009-08-18T00:51:00.000-07:00

Actually, there are a lot of online services and companies which employ professional dissertation writers who are committed to prepare custom dissertations for money. All dissertation writing services hire highly qualified Ph.D./Master's/MBA academic writers on a freelance basis. But it is rather difficult to find an ideal writer for writing your dissertation. A lot of dissertation writing companies promise premium quality - but some of them only provide really worthy academic papers written by professional experts who are skilled and creative in their job.

You should beware some cheating and fraudulent agencies which guarantee 100% plagiarism free, fast delivery and A+ guarantee. A lot of them affiliate with dissertation databases which use pre-written papers prepared by unknown and non-professional dissertation academic writers with poor writing skills.

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There are some tips which will help you with choosing a good dissertation writing company to have your paper written from scratch. First, try to surf search engines such as Google or Yahoo in search of any available testimonials and feedbacks about this or that company. Second, feel free to contact this company by means of toll-free phone number or chat - you can communicate with 24/7 customer support. Third, examine thoroughly the website at which you are going to order your custom dissertation: prices, guarantees, features and promises.

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SARS Research Paper

2009-08-17T08:55:00.000-07:00

Many people in the United States are unaware of a new deadly disease, which is wreaking havoc throughout the world because of the intense coverage of the war in Iraq. However, SARS or severe acute respiratory syndrome has currently infected 2,601 people worldwide and has killed 98 people as of April 7, 2003. The United States has been lucky thus far because no deaths have been reported in America. However, there have been 115 suspected SARS cases that have occurred in 27 states including California and New York, which are two of the most populated states.

Currently, the World Health Organization has defined SARS as an “atypical pneumonia of unknown Etiology.” Although this disease is very new and not much is known about it, researchers still have made some significant progress. Scientists have been able to link this disease to an unrecognizable version of the corona virus. The corona virus is named after its crown-like appearance and commonly causes the infected patient to have upper-respiratory problems. The major difference between the corona virus and SARS is that people infected with the corona virus usually have weakened immune systems to begin with. On the contrary, most SARS victims have been adults who were healthy before being infected with this deadly virus. Also, the corona virus is very rare in humans, it is mostly found in animals like dogs and cats. This is why scientists are investigating the possibility that this unknown version of the corona virus called SARS has been passed on from animals to humans just like HIV did.

HIV is a very deadly disease, but it is preventable for the most part as long as you practice safe sex. On the other hand, SARS is nearly unavoidable because it is much like other respiratory illnesses, which spread from close contact. For example, if one of your classmates became infected with SARS and they cough or sneeze while in the classroom they will release tiny droplets of infected matter into the air. If you breathe the air that is infected, then you can also become infected with the killer virus.

Once you have contracted SARS its takes anywhere from two to seven days for symptoms to be noticeable. The major symptoms for this disease is having a fever of a 100.4 or higher, chills, headache, muscle soreness, and a general feeling of discomfort is also common. Approximately three to seven days after being infected with the virus people have been experiencing a dry cough that can turn into hypoxemia, which is when there is a reduced concentration of oxygen in the blood. Also, about fifteen percent of infected patients have needed some type of assistance breathing either through intubation or mechanical ventilation. Doctors have begun to treat patients with antibiotics, antiviral agents, and a combination of steroids and antimicrobials. All these treatments have showed mild success this far.

Even though there is not much known about this deadly virus, hopefully this essay has made you more aware of the process of how the SARS virus is spread, contracted, and cured. Currently, there are two patients in Santa Barbara who have contracted SARS. This is why must be aware of this virus because it is so deadly, its so close to home, and the initial symptoms seem like you just have the common cold. However, if you believe you may have contracted SARS it is extremely important that you see a doctor immediately because if it is treated early you have a better chance of surviving.

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Capital Punishment Essay

2009-08-17T03:30:00.000-07:00

The execution of fellow human beings in the pursuit of justice is as old as human history. What began thousands of years ago as a profound method of retribution involving not only the families of the victims but often the whole town; has grown and shrunk, widened and narrowed, and within the last hundred years gradually been reduced to a small minority of countries still executing their citizens for convicted crimes. It is an issue strife with controversy, and is always surrounded by debate whenever approached. (See also: buy essay)

This paper will address the history of the death penalty, from the far and distant past, though history until we reach the death penalty that we are familiar with today. We will specifically address Capital Punishment within the United States, how our citizens view it and how citizens of other countries view the U.S. We will address Capital Punishment and the law, both within the Federal Legal system and the State legal systems.

Finally, we will conclude with a view into the validity of capital punishment as a useful tool within today’s society, how effective America’s legal system is in meting out accurate justice, and a glimpse into some alternate measures that could be implemented in place of the death penalty.

Stoning was the earliest form of execution with recorded stonings dating back to 3000 – 1000 B.C. There was no formal legal process at the time, therefore early executions by stoning were unceremonious and brutal affairs. A typical stoning would consist of a family member of the harmed party or a witness to the crime placing a hand on the head of the offender in order “to mark them for execution”. At this point, either one of the family members or the witness would cast the first stone. If he could not produce death alone, then the bystanders would hurl them also. As laws began to develop, Jewish law set forth a more involved execution ritual involving two witnesses, but the rudiments remained the same. “When the offender came within four cubits of the place of execution, he was stripped naked, only leaving a covering before, and his hands being bound was led up to the fatal place, which was an eminence twice a man’s height. The first executioner’s of the sentence were the witnesses, who generally pulled off their clothes for the purpose: one of them threw him down with great violence upon his loins: if he rolled upon his breast, he was turned upon his loins again, and if he died by the fall there was an end; but if not, the other witnesses took a great stone and dashed it upon his breast as he lay upon his back; and then, if he was not dispatched, all the people that stood by threw stones at him till he died.” (Johnson 11)

As history progressed more involved methods of execution were devised coupled with different forms of legal proceedings. Hanging by strangulation became a method of choice throughout much of the then “civilized world”. In the Middle Ages, executions became a sort of pageantry, involving the whole town in a form of brutal entertainment.

After being convicted of a crime and sentenced to death (Confessions were usually produced through torture immediately following capture) an elaborate ceremony followed in the town square. The accused would be paraded through the crowd, who were encouraged to heckle and ridicule. The accused was then led up before a nobleman or priest of the King’s courts who would notify him of his crime and pronounce him to be sentenced to death through various forms of mutilation and torture. Some of the more popular procedures were, hang the person, cut them down immediately prior to death, and then disembowel or carve out his intestines and cut him into four pieces (This is commonly known as “to draw and quarter”. Another method was known as “breaking on the wheel” The accused was placed upon a wheel-like platform. The executioner then proceeded to break the arms and legs of the accused with a heavy iron bar. The mangled remains were then turned rapidly, scattering gore about, until the victim was dead. Another popular medieval execution was “sawing the victim in pieces”, in this type, the accused would be strung up by his feet, and then sawed vertically in half, of course while still alive.

For certain crimes, the laws specified exactly what was to be done to the victim, down to the details to be performed on specific body parts. One such example of this follows, “Ye do respectively go to the place from whence ye came; from thence to be drawn upon a sledge to the place of execution, to be there hanged up by the neck, to be cut down while ye are yet alive, to have your hearts and bowels taken out before your faces, and your members cut off and burnt. Your heads severed from your bodies and your bodies disposed into quarters, your heads and bodies respectively disposed of according to the king’s will and pleasure; and the lord have mercy on your souls.” (Johnson 14) Needless to say executions of today are a little less violent than in the past.

Executions progressed throughout history with methods only limited to the imagination of men: Beheadings by Guillotine, Hangings on the Gallows, Firing Squads, Electric Chairs, Gas Chambers, and our most modern form of Capital Punishment, the lethal injection. We could devote an entire book on the history of executions, (which Robert Johnson has done in his book, Death Work) but, we must move on.

The United States is a fairly young country compared to many established in the world today and our legal system although young is used a basis for other legal system adaptations throughout the world. Having broke away from England and basing much of our law on the English system, it is not surprising that we brought over Capital Punishment and have had it within our legal system ever since (minus a short reprieve from 1967 to 1977).

The first recorded execution within the United States was in 1622 in the colony of Virginia, with Daniel Frank being put to death for theft. His method of execution was not stated. Although it is a known fact that the death penalty has been part of American history since before our independence, statistics were not collected until 1930 on a regular basis. From 1930 until 1967 (the year a moratorium was placed on executions) 3859 people were executed under civil jurisdiction within the U.S. Three out of every five executions that took place during that period occurred within the Southern states. Georgia had the highest total with 366 executions, followed closely by New York with 329, Texas with 297, California with 292, and North Carolina with 263. Out of those 3859 executions 3334 were for murder, 455 were for rape, and 70 were for other offenses. The United States Civilian legal system was not alone in laying out justice in the form of the death penalty. During the same period, the U.S. Army executed 160 people. 106 were for murder (21 of which also involved rape), 53 for rape, and one for desertion.

At the same time, across the Atlantic, Europe was taking the stance of abolishing the death penalty as cruel and unjust. In 1965, England abolished the death penalty under the 1965 Murder Act. Other countries across Europe were following suit if they had not already done so. The pressure from the European countries on the United States to abolish the death penalty continues to this day. Amnesty International is the largest advocate for a worldwide abolition of the death penalty and has garnered much support. Amnesty International is backed by the United Nations who has become a staunch ally to their cause. As time progresses and more and more countries abolish the death penalty, many foreigners, especially Europeans view the United States as hypocrites. The U.S. has always declared itself as a strong supporter of human rights yet most European nations view capital punishment as a violation of human rights. One such group, Death Penalty Focus, go so far as to blatantly declare the United States as “keeping company with notorious human rights abusing countries such as Iraq, Iran, and China as major advocates and users of capital punishment.”

Within the United States, public support for the death penalty remains fairly high in regard to cases involving atrocious acts of murder, yet support drops off rapidly when the offender is a minor or mentally retarded. Also, when Americans are presented with alternatives to the death penalty, a greater majority prefers life without parole to those who still favor the death penalty. Hart Research performed an interesting poll in 1995; polling police chiefs across the United States and asking them to list the most effective methods for deterring violent crime. Many answers were given in various ratios, from reducing drug abuse to better gun control but only 1% of those polled listed the death penalty as a major deterrent of violent crime.

Legal challenges to the death penalty culminated in the Supreme Court Decision Furman vs. Georgia, 408 U.S. 153 which ruled the death penalty statutes unconstitutional because under these statutes the death penalty was being applied in an “arbitrary, capricious and discriminatory manner” contrary to the eighth amendment and the due process guarantees of the Fourteenth amendment. Two of the justices (Justices Brennan and Marshall) presiding at the time declared capital punishment to be unconstitutional in all instances.

The decision of Furman vs. Georgia created waves across the entire country. More than 600 death row inmates who had been sentenced to death between 1967 and 1972 had their death sentences lifted as a result of the decision. States quickly moved to revise legislation tailored to satisfy the Supreme Court’s objections to “arbitrary imposition” of death sentences.

In 1976 three cases were brought before the Supreme Court regarding the same matter. The three cases were Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153 (1976), Jurek v. Texas, 428 U.S. 262 (1976) and Proffitt v. Florida, 428 U.S. 242 (1976). All three of these cases dealt with guided discretion and afforded sentencing courts the discretion to impose death sentences for specified crimes and provided for two-stage (bifurcated) trials. These “bifurcated” trials involved, in the first stage, the determination of the defendants guilt or innocence and, in the second, determination of the sentence after “consideration of aggravating and mitigating circumstances.” In Georgia and Texas the final sentencing decision rested with the jury and in Florida with the judge.

Also in 1976 two cases came forward to the Supreme Court, which dealt with laws providing for mandatory death penalty for specific crimes, and allowing no judicial or jury discretion beyond the determination of guilt. The Supreme Court declared that the mandatory death penalty was unconstitutional in Woodson v. North Carolina, 428 U.S. 280 (1976), and Roberts vs. Louisiana, 428 U.S 325 (1976). These rulings led directly to the invalidation of mandatory death penalty statutes in 21 states, and resulted in the modification of the sentences of hundreds of offenders from the death penalty to life sentences.

Under the new death penalty laws the first execution since 1967 took place on January 17, 1977. Convicted murderer Gary Gilmore was executed by firing squad in Utah. Although for the first several years following the new death penalty laws, executions stayed low, they began to climb once again in 1984 with 21 people executed and continued to rise rapidly with 74 executions in 1997.

The death penalty was effectively restricted to murder when the Supreme Court ruled it unconstitutional for rape in the 1977 decision of Coker v. Georgia, 433 U.S 584 (1977) because applying the death penalty in rape cases was disproportionate to the crime. This resulted in twenty inmates across the country being removed from death rows. Although the courts have accepted that this decision prohibits the imposition of the death penalty for all crimes not resulting in death, several states have left untouched the capital felony statutes which provide it for such offences as kidnapping and rape of a child.

As of 1998, 38 states and the federal government have capital punishment laws. The twelve states who do not have death penalty laws are: Alaska, Hawaii, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, North Dakota, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. The District of Columbia also does not have a capital punishment law.

The push to abolish capital punishment is growing while executions still continue. Some of the statistics on Capital punishment for the year 200 are as follows. (Taken from The U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics) In 2000 85 persons in fourteen states were executed: 40 in Texas, 11 in Oklahoma, 8 in Virginia, 6 in Florida, 5 in Missouri, 4 in Alabama, 3 in Arizona, 2 in Arkansas, and one each in Delaware, Louisiana, North and South Carolina, Tennessee, and California. Of those executed 49 were white, 35 were black, and 1 was American Indian. 83 were men and two were women. At the end of 2000, 37 states and the Federal prison System held 3593 prisoners under sentence of death. All had committed murder. Of the 3593 prisoners, nearly 2/3 had prior felony convictions and roughly 1/12 had a prior homicide conviction.

With this many inmates on death row the question continues to arise, “How can we insure that all the individuals we sentence to death row are 100% guilty?” Can we justify a system that executes for heinous and depraved acts of murder if we acknowledge there will be mistakes? Is the death of 100 depraved murderers worth the life of one innocent citizen wrongly convicted?

The Death Penalty Information Center in Washington D.C. stated in 1997 that of the 6000 death sentences imposed between 1973 and 1997, 400 have been innocent. Of those 400, 23 were wrongly executed. These are the injustices that many are claiming must cause the United States to abolish the death penalty. Furthermore, some studies question whether the death penalty actually deters crime. The Thorsten Sellin studies in 1962, 1967, and 1980 conclude that the death penalty was not a deterrent. Others argue that the staggering cost of death penalty cases could better be diverted to the victim’s families or for various prison counseling programs. A 1993 California study revealed that the average death penalty case cost at least 1.25 million dollars.

In conclusion, the arguments for and against capital punishment are limitless and answers may not come in our lifetimes, but one thing is certain; violent and heinous crimes have occurred throughout history and will continue to do so. Until we discover a way to eradicate these violent crimes, there will be a need for a stern and final method of justice. The law works to the best of its ability to insure that the guilty are proven guilty beyond doubt. This paper is not designed to influence ones decisions regarding the death penalty. It is designed to educate people on capital punishment and how it works.

The future may decide that the death penalty is a violation of human rights and cause capital punishment to be abolished. In order for that to happen, there must be a unanimous decision that an alternate means of justice is in place to punish those who seek to break the law by brutally taking the life of a fellow citizen. What that alternative will be, only time will tell.
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Essay on Personal Goals

2009-08-16T07:06:00.000-07:00

Competition, the life blood of innovation, this is my life’s compass. Nothing makes a day brighter than being better than the next man. Shallow as my view may be to some, winning determines much of how I conduct myself. Confronted with a career stifled by being too good to young, I left to start my own company. While I was implementing a software product for a client that left much to be desired, I founded a software development project with a partner to make a better one. It is with this mindset that I determine and pursue all of my goals.

The most important goals in my life thus far have been growth in my industry and technical skills. As an IT company owner facing negative growth in customer spending for almost two years straight, this sector provides a lot of challenges. Having to be perceived as the best available for the least amount of money is a given these days. I pride myself on developing relationships that allow me to meet customer technology needs of today, while simultaneously creating a roadmap for their future needs. Giving them direction work to keep myself employed in the future.

Returning to school is not a decision I that gave much thought. Working for myself gives me the unique position of being involved in every facet of business. While functioning as a piece of the larger puzzle in the corporate world, one most often feels a disconnection between their work and the overall goals of an organization. My distaste for that situation, along with my general experience being an employee have led me to believe working for another was never again an option. Freedom from corporate culture I did not create or wish to participate in leaves me smiling at the end of every day. The thought of mindless meetings, dragging on way past there effectiveness; sometimes pop into my head on the way to the golf course many a Friday afternoon. All in all, I have a pretty good going here and I’m doing my best not to screw it up.

Maturity, and to a certain extent rational thinking in today’s economy, has a sobering effect on one’s view of the world. You can call it strategic planning or preparing for the worst, but sooner or later things go to hell (Murphy’s Law). It is with this new, slightly less opaque view of the world I return to school. Eventually the time may come when a new opportunity presents itself, one which involves coming to work under some else’s banner. The part that worries me the most is the lack of prestige bestowed upon workers who are not degreed from a university. Say what you may for the importance of a college education, and I’d be inclined to agree. But one must also concede the benefits of actual experience and the courage under fire that goes with it. In my employees, I must admit I look for a track record of success in their career more than a college degree. Alas, I am not in charge of everything in this world (I’m still waiting for the position to be created, which I will duly apply for). So I may someday be in the office of some HR executive, rambling away about the benefits to hiring myself for there “team”. It is for this day that I am sitting in Gen101 at the University of Phoenix.

While I am applying myself to the curriculum involved there are a few goals I have set for myself. The first, as you can probably tell, would be to come of less jaded in my writing. This not only applies to papers such as this, but also in my written communications, email, etc. I have a hard time with cynicism. Correction, I have a hard time without cynicism. Coming across as a likable personality in this medium, would probably do wonders for my HR skills as well. Some people just don’t have the thick skin demanded to work with me.

Another area for concern is my ability to manage multiple areas of my life simultaneously. As a person not unfamiliar with the 24 for hour workday, I sometimes have trouble letting issues go to deal with others of equal importance. One of the reasons I welcomed the addition of course work into my life was to break up the totalitarian grip IT work has been having on me. My girlfriend would probably love for me to have something to wake up in the middle of the night to work on, instead of those “stupid computers” of mine.

Lastly, I could use the humbling experience of working with others that have more knowledge in areas I am unfamiliar with. I do eventually have the goal of being a well rounded individually, who can have a conversation with another of differing views and come away feeling I have learned something. It is with this that I bid you and your fellow faculty good luck.

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North Korea Essay

2009-08-16T06:26:00.000-07:00

North Korea is facing its seventh year of food shortages arising from weather-related problems. A famine killed tens of thousand of people in 1996-97. (Washington Times; December 8, 2000; Thomas Wagner, Associated Press) Thousands crossed the border into China looking for food.

(Washington Post; July 23, 2001;Pg. 16; John Pomfret, Washington Post Foreign Service) A large percentage of the population remains susceptible to malnutrition and their living conditions continue to worsen as energy shortages shut down factories and further reduce the ability of the country to feed itself. Although the Korean War ended in 1953 with an armistice, tensions remain. As a consequence, the regime continues to spend huge sums and devote scare resources to feeding and maintaining a huge and menacing army.

Environmental Changes as Causes of Acute Conflict
Information on developments and trends within North Korea's borders is difficult to obtain. It is therefore difficult to determine with certainty to what degree North Korea's current problems are due to incompetent leadership, to the failures of a planned economy, or to environmental changes. That said, it is clear that recent changes in northeastern Asia's weather have played a role in undermining the North Korean regime. "The realization that North Korea was in deep trouble began with an act of nature. On the sticky midsummer day of July 26, 1995, the skies over the country darkened. Rains began to pound the earth, rains that were heavy, steady, and unrelenting and that soon turned into a deluge of biblical proportions. The DPRK Bureau of Hydro-Meteorological Service recorded 23 inches of rain in ten days; in some towns and villages, according to the United Nations, as much as 18 inches of rain fell in a single day, bringing floods that were considered the worst in a century." (The Two Koreas; Pg. 370; Don Oberdorfer). Notably also, commenting on this summer's drought in North Korea, the Washington Times quoted North Korea's foreign news outlet, KCNA, as saying: "From the climatological point of view, this long spell of drought is something rare in the history of meteorological observation. It is believe to happen once in 1,000 years." (The Washington Times; June 6, 2000; Pg. 15)

North Korea had been experiencing economic dislocations and food shortages since it lost its East European and Soviet trading partners in 1991, but the incredible series of punishing blows nature dealt to North Korea in the form of droughts, floods, storms and tidal waves from 1995 through 2001created serious problems for the regime. "North Koreans were consuming oak leaves, grasses, roots, and tree bark and other non-standard food--." (The Two Koreas; Don Oberdorfer; Pg 394) As evidenced by the disbanding of the Korean People's Army Sixth Corps in early fall 1995 (The Two Koreas; Don Oberdorfer; Pg. 375), the food shortages appear to have had an impact even on the military, that institution on which the North Korean leadership depends to remain in power. That these natural disasters were the results of environmental changes in northeastern Asia rather than something the North Korean regime did appears clear from the appearance of similar phenomena throughout the area, from never-before-seen severe snowstorms in Mongolia to droughts in neighboring parts of China.

Except that Homer-Dixon discusses the impact of environmental change in terms of a developed North being threatened by an environmentally degraded South, and the situation between North Korea and South is reversed in these terms, Homer-Dixon's hypothesized three types of conflict are applicable to North Korea in all aspects.

Simple Scarcity Conflicts
River water is one of the three types of resources which Homer-Dixon foresees as a likely cause for simple scarcity conflict, and the conditions for such a conflict exist between North and South Korea: They both share a major tributary of the Han River which cuts through the center of Seoul. The river is vital to both countries, which funnel their water from dams to hydroelectric plants providing power and potable water to millions of people. Because North Korea is energy starved, the government has begun diverting large amounts of tributary waters to hydroelectric plants, a diversion of water resources that threatens South Korea's vital interests. Park Eung Kyuk, a public professor at Seoul's Hanyang University, observed: "This is one of the most urgent problems between the North and South since the Korean War" (Los Angeles Times; August 26, 2001; pg. 9; Christopher Torchia, Associated Press).

A more immediate scarcity, however, is food. Flooded coal mines led to reduced amounts of energy to run trains and factories, including those that produced fertilizers, reducing yields in areas not affected by flooding. Dormant factories were sometimes dismantled and its parts sold illegally across the Chinese border for food. Before defecting to the South on 12 February 1997, Hwang Jang Yop, one of North Korea's most prominent officials and the architect of its Juche philosophy of self reliance, told a trusted South Korean contact "War must be prevented at any cost" and to do so South Korea should provide food the people of the North ---." (The Two Koreas; Don Oberdorfer; Pg. 403)

Acute Group Identify Conflicts
Acute group identity conflicts are likely to arise should the North Korean regime implode or further natural disasters lead to mass starvation and the movement of masses of people over the North Korean-Chinese border in search of substance. When Famine struck North Korea in 1996-97, many fled to China in search of food. At first, China adopted a humanitarian position and allowed them to stay in the border region. In the summer of 2001, however, China launched a campaign of forced reparation of North Korean refugees (Washington Post; July 23, 2001; Pg.16; John Pomfret, Washington Post Foreign Service). This gives rise to the question, what will China do if mass starvation hits North Korea again and hundreds of thousands of North
Koreans try to cross into China in search of food? It appears reasonable to believe that China will take strong measures to close its borders in such circumstances, including firing on refugees. But will happen if some of the refugees include armed North Korean army deserters, possibly even army units? The potential for escalation of a refugee matter into a regional military crisis appears real - and dangerous.

Relative Deprivation Conflicts
There appears to be little likelihood of a relative deprivation conflict in North Korea because the military is solidly in control. There could be surprises and unforeseen turns of events, however. In shifting his power base from the Korean Workers Party to the military (The Two Koreas; Pg.408; Don Oberdorfer), North Korean leader Kim Chong-IL probably won the support and loyalty of the military with scarce resources, but it appears reasonable to believe he must have alienated and frustrated many in the ministries and KWP. As they find themselves with less of a shrinking “economic pie”(Homer-Dixon 505), they may be willing to join those lower status elements, farmers and workers, to take action if an opening should appear. As yet, Kim Chong-Il has named no successor. It appears possible a military officer or other power broker could move to seize power for himself in the case of Kim Chong-Il's sudden death, either through natural causes or assassination. A power struggle and civil war could easily breakout with the disenfranchised classes, the KWP and others, throwing their support to that person who they perceive as being most likely to return to them their perceived fair share of the economic pie.

Then, too, as noted by Homer-Dixon, "highly centralized dictatorship threatened by revolutionary actions, purges, and strikes are especially prone to engage in external war and belligerence." (Homer-Dixon; Pg. 506) North Korea does not appear to be threatened by revolutionary actions, purges, and strikes, but it is threatened by economic collapse and mass starvation and has long behaved belligerently toward South Korea and the UN forces stationed there. Commenting on the situation in 1997, American Commander General Tilelli said that "what worried him and his staff was the possibility that the North Korean leadership could become so desperate that the combined power of the U.S. and South Korean forces might no longer deter a massive attack." (The Two Koreas; Pg.397; Don Oberdorfer) Given the lack of what Pyongyang's leadership considers other options, said a member of Tilelli's staff, 'I don't think a decision to attack would be irrational-though it might turn out to be wrong.' " (The Two Koreas; Pg. 397' Don Oberdorfer) Shortly before his defection, Hwang Jang Yop also warned South Korea that "the North is developing nuclear, rocket and chemical weapons" and "believes it will win in a war." (The Two Koreas; Pg. 404; Don Oberdorfer)

Robert Heilbroner's observation that "Such regimes could be tempted to use nuclear blackmail as a 'means of inducing the developed world to transfer its wealth on an unprecedented scale to the underdeveloped world" (Homer-Dixon, Pg. 507) appears to describe North Korea's current foreign policy. The United States, South Korea, Japan and China are all delivering fuel and food to satisfy the demands and needs of the North Korean regime. The United States is obliged to provide 500,000 tons of heavy fuel oil annually, as well as to provide two light-water reactors by 2003 (with a cost of ca. 1 billion dollars a piece) (The Two Koreas; Pg. 357; Don Oberdorfer). Richard Ullman may be right in arguing that "third world nations are unlikely to confront the North violently in the face of the 'superior destructive capabilities of the rich,'" but that does not mean they will not and cannot threaten to confront wealthier nations violently. North Korea seems to be an example of an impoverished nation that has already successfully carried out such a threat.

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India Research Paper

2009-08-14T08:15:00.000-07:00

After more than five decades of Independence, India stands at the cross-roads of history in the initial years of the new millennium. During the last five decades we have achieved self-sufficiency in food, created a strong and diversified industrial base and developed a high degree of resilience that could effectively withstand the onslaught of the East Asian crisis in 1997 & 1998, the Kargil War in 1999 and the oil shocks in 1999 & 2000. None of these could push India into an economic crisis of the kind we faced in 1991.

However, there are major weaknesses that still persist as we prepare ourselves for entering the new millennium. More than a quarter of India’s population lives in abject poverty, around 50% of the urban population lives in slums in unhygienic conditions and just under half of our vast population is illiterate. At this rate, by the year 2010 we may perhaps earn the dubious distinction of having half of the whole world’s illiterate population, which shows that India is a country of spectacular paradoxes. We are the largest global supplier of highly skilled manpower and still we could be the reservoir of the world’s largest mass of illiterates. The vision for Indian economy in the year 2020 needs to be viewed in this context.

My vision for Indian economy is that India emerges as a formidable global economic power with every Indian enjoying a decent living standard by 2020 while maintaining the broad federal democratic structure of the nation as it has evolved over the last five decades. This vision sounds very ambitious but it is attainable if we can put our act together and pursue the goal relentlessly through well-coordinated hard work, total commitment and complete dedication.

Basic ingredients of this broad vision would include demographic, economic and social aspects of national development strategy over the next two decades.

Population Growth
One of the main reasons why India has still remained a less-developed country with very low levels of per capita income in spite of being quite large in the global context in terms of physical volumes of output in both agriculture as well as industry is our failure to control the rapid growth of population during the last five decades.

Today, the absolute size of GDP is large enough to make India the 12th largest economy in the world However, our rank in termsof per capita living standards is way below at 162 out of 206 economies and even if we consider per capita GNP at purchasing power parity, India’s rank in 1999 turns out to be 153 (World Bank, 2001). Among the 20 largest economies in the world, India’s growth rate of population has been the highest and if this trend continues over the next two decades, it could spell disaster for any ambitious vision that the nation may try to evolve. Hence, it is necessary that we have an explicit demographic vision of attaining less than half per cent annual growth rate of population by the end of the next decade. The social dimension of this vision would involve significant upgradation of the status of women in the society and attainment of almost 100% literacy among adult females. Any vision of a fast developing progressive nation cannot be complete without involving the vision of cent per cent literacy level. If during the last five decades India’s population growth rate had been half of what it actually turned out to be, even with much lower growth rates of GDP during the pre-liberalisation period, India’s per capita income today would have been 62% higher than what we actually have and our rank in terms of living standards in the global context would have been 143 and still higher at PPP. Our national vision must necessarily focus on ensuring that this part of history does not repeat over the next two decades. If the current growth rate of population continues, India’s population would reach 1470 million by 2020. But if we can reduce the growth rate of population in a phased manner to 0.5% by 2010 and maintain it at that level thereafter, India’s population would not exceed 1170 million by 2020, i.e., the country would succeed in avoiding a further addition of 300 million to our population over the next two decades. This by itself would increase the per capita living standard of the remaining population by 26%. Moreover, the scarce national resources required to bring up 300 million additional people could then be deployed productively to further enhance the living standards of the rest. We must recognize that the past trend by itself does not represent destiny. Conscious and persistent efforts could always reverse the past trends. What is required for evolving a people-centered population control programme is a fierce determination to succeed through a complete paradigm shift in our approach to managing population growth. The mind-set of not giving sufficient importance to the issue of population control needs to be radically changed. We must also recognise that population control is one of the most powerful means of reducing the incidence of poverty.

Vision of GDP Growth
The national vision of becoming a major global economic power by 2020 can be accomplished only if we achieve a real GDP growth rate of more than 8% per annum consistently over the next two decades. Achieving further acceleration in economic growth and sustaining the accelerated growth performance over a fairly long time horizon are the main elements of this vision. Sustaining the high growth rate of more than 8% over two decades is a Herculean task but it is definitely well within our potential. Real GDP growth of around 8.5% per annum will enable us to emerge as the tenth largest economy in the world by the year 2020 with a more than seven-fold increase in our GNP, which would translate into a per capita income of around 2500 US dollars. It should be remembered, however, that our ranking in terms of average living standards would still remain significantly lower. But the per capita income in excess of around 2500 US dollars, which would imply more than 7000 US dollars in terms of purchasing power parity would have enabled us to effectively and comprehensively remove mass poverty.

Visions of sectoral growth commensurate with the overall vision of 8.5% growth rate involve growth rates of 5% for agriculture, 9% for industry and 9.5% to 10% for services. In relation to the average growth rates observed during the last 15 years, the growth rates envisaged in the above vision of India’s GDP growth over the next two decades imply an acceleration in the growth rates by 1.8 percentage points in agriculture, 2.5 percentage points in industry, 2 percentage points in services and 2.55 percentage points for the economy as a whole. A detailed projection of the sources of future growth of Indian economy based on my analysis of the sources of accelerated growth during the post-1985 period reveals the possibility of augmenting the contribution of total factor input by 0.65 percentage points over the next two decades. A significant part of the higher growth of total factor input would be contributed by a faster growth of capital input resulting from an increase in the domestic saving rate from the current level of 23.5% to around 28.5% by 2020. While the decline in the growth rate of population envisaged in the demographic vision would lead to some reduction in the growth of labour input measured in terms of man-years especially after 2015, such a decline is likely to be more than off-set by a significant improvement in the quality of labour resulting from major changes in the skill composition of working force. Thus, the vision of 8.5% GDP growth over the next two decades requires acceleration in the TFP growth by 1.9 percentage points. Since improvement in capacity utilisation and structural change are not likely to contribute more than 0.2 percentage points to the accelerated TFP growth, the residual factor, which is a surrogate for technical progress indicating the improvement in the overall efficiency of resource utilisation in the economy, will have to increase significantly from the level of 2.5 percentage points during 1985-2000 to around 4.2 percentage points during the next two decades. Achieving such a massive increase in the overall efficiency of factor inputs is a formidable task and it would require a highly focussed strategy and a large scale effort in every sector of the economy. Let me make an attempt to highlight some aspects of the sectoral strategies required for accelerating the growth of agriculture and industry.

Vision of Indian Agriculture in 2020
Higher growth of agricultural sector can be achieved only through a significant increase in the productivity levels through modernisation of the agricultural sector. Despite our low productivity levels, we have a distinct competitive advantage in several agricultural commodities. We are among the top three producers in the world for several agricultural commodities, but our share of world exports in agricultural commodities is barely 1%.

Traditionally the basic mission of India’s agricultural development has been to achieve self-sufficiency in foodgrains and also in major non-food crops. With rapidly changing global economic environment, it is now necessary to shift the focus from self-sufficiency to export orientation. My vision of the Indian Agriculture in the year 2020 is as follows : Agriculture will be the driving force behind the growth engine of Indian economy through contribution in our export earnings, absorbing a large part of our less skilled workforce, providing good quality raw materials for our industries at competitive rates, generating demand for industrial goods and services, and above all generating income, saving and investment in Indian economy. Indian agriculture should generate exportable surplus of foodgrains and non-foodgrains after meeting the domestic demand at the world prices. Labour productivity in agriculture should rise sharply to offset any increases in the cost of inputs including wages. Fulfillment of this vision would ensure that India will emerge as a major exporter of foodgrains by 2020 with around 7% share of the world exports. Total foodgrains production is envisaged to touch 500 mn. tonnes by 2020, which would not only ensure sufficient exportable surplus but would also be instrumental almost totally eliminating poverty defined as calorie deficiency on account of unaffordability.

The main factors which have created bottlenecks in our efforts to accelerate agricultural development during the last two decades are:
a) Inefficient water management;
b) Poor supply-chain management arising on account of inadequacy of rural roads;
c) Market infrastructure & transportation facilities;
d) Inefficient rural credit delivery system;
e) Lack of proper education at the operating level;
f) Barriers to agricultural trade; and
g) Lack of focus on value addition. In order to accomplish the vision and achieve the targets set for Indian agriculture by the year 2020, a carefully designed strategy of increasing total factor productivity growth in agriculture and simultaneously raising the growth of factor supplies to agriculture should be followed. The critical elements of the proposed agricultural strategy would include:
- High rate of technological progress in agriculture;
- High rates of public and private investment in agriculture;
- Significant growth in total cropped area, which can be achieved by increasing the area under irrigation; &
- Increasing the effective application of high yielding variety of seeds in dry-land farming.

The policy initiatives required for this purpose should focus on the utilisation of the created irrigation capacity by putting in place a comprehensive irrigation management system. The policy initiatives required to implement the strategy to increase the yield rates would consist of encouraging regional specialisation in crops, developing most appropriate high yielding variety seeds for different regions, and various incentives to make modern farm inputs more viable to Indian farmers. In addition to these initiatives, there is an urgent need to involve the corporate sector formally in the cultivation of high value, capital intensive and modern technology based crops with potential for exports. Corporatisation of farming will not only facilitate technological upgradation, but would also ensure rapid growth of private investment in Indian agriculture. Corporatisation of the farm sector would also result in a significant quality upgradation and growth of value added products and, in the process, it would significantly enhance the export orientation of Indian agricultural sector.

Vision of Indian Industry
Having discussed various aspects of the vision of Indian agriculture, let me now turn to the industrial sector. My vision for the industrial sector is to achieve sustained annual growth of around 9% in real terms through international benchmarking of the productivity levels and attaining global competitive advantage in a large range of industrial products. India has already developed a strong industrial base and Indian industry is by now quite prepared to face the challenge of international competition. The radical changes in economic environment during the last decade have propelled Indian industry to bring about a major restructuring of its operations leading to mergers, amalgamations, joint ventures, strategic alliances and significant technological upgradation. Indian corporates have now learnt to focus more on enhancing core competencies instead of diversifying in unrelated areas. The transformation phase of Indian industry is nearing its completion. What is now required is to create the enabling conditions through a series of comprehensive second generation economic reforms to provide a strong fillip for rapid industrial growth.

The major obstacles to accelerated industrial growth are:
a) high incidence of domestic taxes;
b) outdated labour laws;
c) difficulties involved in dealing with industrial sickness;
d) continued existence of inefficient public sector enterprises; and
e) relatively rigid factor markets operating in India. The major policy initiatives to accomplish our vision for the industrial sector would include the following measures:
- Comprehensive reform of the existing indirect tax structure including excise, customs, sales tax and local taxes to ensure that the domestic firms in India carry the same overall tax burden as their global counterparts in the respective industries.
- Adoption of new comprehensive labour legislation that would reflect the main characteristic features of best labour legislations observed globally.
- Enactment of the bankruptcy law to facilitate closure of inefficient and non-viable units.
- Effective divestment of government stakes in non-strategic public sector enterprises and utilisation of the proceeds of divestment to restore the country’s fiscal health.
- Government business partnership to aggressively promote Made-in-India brand with a proper timeframe and benchmarks of progress achieved in that direction.

Vision of India as a Leading Exporter
A significant weakness of our process of economic liberalisation during the last decade has been the high degree of inconsistency in our export performance. During the period 1985 to 1999, the growth rate of exports has fluctuated widely from less than 0% to more than 20%.

This phenomenon is perhaps indicative of the high vulnerability of our exports to external shocks as well as internal constraints and bottlenecks. Failure to sustain high growth of exports is one of the main reasons why we have not been able to achieve high rates of economic growth in the past. Our failure to sustain the high rates of economic growth achieved during the mid-nineties could also be attributed at least partly to our failure on the export front since 1996.

Global vision of Indian economy has to focus on massive export thrust during the next two decades. During the period 1990 to 1998 India’s commodity exports have increased from 18 billion dollars representing around 0.5% of world exports to 34 billion dollars representing around 0.6% of world exports. Currently, the top 20 products that we are exporting account for more than 70% of our exports and their share in the world exports is 1.2%, while our share of world exports for the remaining products which account for less than 30% of our exports, is only 0.3%. During the period 1990 to 1996, the average growth rate of our exports of top 20 products has been around 12% as against the world export growth of 8% for these commodities, while the average growth rate of exports of other products has been around 8% as against 7% growth of world exports for this category. If we ignore the experience of 1997 & 1998 as more of an aberration and apply the pre-1996 trends to the post-1998 period, India’s commodity exports would turn out to be around 345 bn. dollars by the year 2020 accounting for about 1.3% of the world exports. This shows that even if we can replicate what we achieved on the export front in mid-nineties in a sustained manner over the next two decades, India could still achieve a ten-fold increase in exports with a more than doubling of its share in world exports by 2020. Global vision of Indian economy should actually aim at doing better than this.

Hence, my vision of India as a leading exporter is to achieve at least 2% share of world exports by the year 2020. Based on the past trends in world trade and new developments in global economic scenario envisaged over the next few years, aggregate world exports are likely to cross 25000 billion dollars by 2020. India’s exports should, therefore, exceed 500 billion dollars to accomplish this vision. To many, this target might appear to be too ambitious to achieve and one might dismiss it as an exercise in wishful thinking. However, while formulating this vision, let us not be guided by undue conservatism or pessimism. Let us not under-estimate the great export potential of our agricultural sector as well as our service sector. It should not be surprising if our IT exports alone cross 150 billion dollar mark by the year 2020. What is required is to formulate a highly focussed strategy and its rigorous implementation to achieve the desired export thrust. Currently, India exports more than 7000 products through more than 300 thousand exporters both big and small. While the range of products as well as the exporter base could be expanded further, there is an urgent need for a focussed approach which involves selective intervention and targeting in specific sectors and product groups. The experience of several newly industrialising economies clearly shows that a focussed strategy for exports enables the country to carve out a significant niche in the global market. Our success on the export front will depend critically on our ability to control inflation and pursue a market-oriented exchange rate policy. The vision of export growth requires that the average rate of inflation over the next two decades is kept below 4% per annum which would help in restricting the average rate of currency depreciation to around 2% per annum and also in maintaining a relatively stable interest rate regime. Fulfillment of our export vision will raise India’s export GDP ratio to around 20% over the next two decades.

Infrastructure
Infrastructure is a crucial factor in the overall development of economy. In India, a comprehensive policy framework for infrastructure development has been lacking. As a result, private investment in the infrastructure sector has not taken off as per our expectations. My vision for the infrastructure sector is to ensure ready availability of basic infrastructure facilities at the lowest possible costs with standards of service comparable to those observed in the newly industrialised economies. To accomplish this vision, it is necessary to evolve a framework that would integrate macro-level policy issues, regulatory aspects and managerial aspects of infrastructure development in the field of power, roads, railways, ports and telecom.

Vision of India’s Education Sector
The 21st century will herald a powerful era of knowledge revolution. Vision for India’s education sector should be not only to achieve and sustain 100% literacy, but also to refocus our higher education to nurture centres of excellence that would acquire global standing and international recognition. The main source of competitive advantage in the 21st century is going to be knowledge rather than wealth per se. The focus should, therefore, be on more equitable distribution of knowledge to empower the people of India to create wealth. The key to success in India’s vision of dominating the knowledge industry lies in the ability of higher education system to quickly refocus and reorient itself to become a globally efficient provider of knowledge. One of the preconditions for achieving this goal is to significantly increase the public expenditure on the education sector to the level of at least 5% of GDP. Highly skilled manpower with a rare combination of hard work, sincerity, commitment and capability is our major strength. We must capitalise on this strength through a complete revamp of our education system to emerge as the most competitive force in the field of information technology, financial services and entertainment industry.

Emergence of New Areas of Economic Activity
The 20th Century has witnessed three distinct shifts in the basic forces driving global economic activity. Economic growth during the first half of the 20th Century was driven by industrial sector involving mass production of manufactured goods. As against this, the period from 1960 to 1990 has been marked by the emergence of what can be called the `era of services’. The rapid growth of the service sector has turned out to be the main engine of growth in the high and middle-income countries during this period. Finally, the last decade of the 20th century has witnessed the emergence of information age with emphasis on knowledge- based industries, which has proved to be the prime engine of growth during the post-1995 period. The 21st century would, therefore, witness the emergence of new drivers of growth. A recent study by Graham Molitor argues that by the end of the next decade leisure time will dominate the total individual life-time activity in high income countries.

As a result, the business activity focussing on leisure time pursuits will emerge as the fastest growing business segment. According to Molitor’s estimates, leisure time businesses will account for almost 50% of American GNP before the end of 2020. Determining the size of leisure time business essentially depends on what is included in this business segment. Leisure time entrepreneurial activities in the orbit of this next wave of economic activity include : recreation, hospitality, entertainment, gambling, travel, tourism, pleasure cruises, adventure seeking, reading, hobbies, sports, exercising, games, computer games, outdoor activities, cultural pursuits, theatre, drama, arts, poetry, opera, symphony, disco & bands, night clubs, bars and taverns, country clubs, retreats, bird watching, gardening, movies & cinema, theatres, television & other broadcast media, visiting and socialising (with family, friends and neighbours), audio & video recordings (including production, distribution, retailing, sales,rentals, etc.) internet and on-line activities, etc. As we add up the income generating potential of these individual segments, the overall potential of the leisure time industry would assume staggering proportions. As society progressed through each of the previous great eras of economic activity, leisure time has increased. Leisure time, which continues to steadily increase, will very soon account for over 50% of lifetime activities in advanced countries. This offers big growth opportunities for India.

Foreign Investment
Achieving 8.5% growth of real GDP would require aggregate investment rate of around 30-32% of GDP depending on the magnitude of efficiency gains achieved by the economy in terms of TFP growth leading to a corresponding decline in incremental capital output ratio.

Currently, our incremental capital output ratio is around 4. As a result of the process of structural change envisaged in our overall vision, the share of services in our economy is expected to increase from 48% in 1998 to 58% by 2020. This phenomenon coupled with technological improvements in agriculture and industry should lead to a reduction in the overall incremental capital output ratio to 3.6 over the next two decades. Our resource needs to achieve 8.5% growth rate could then be restricted to 30.5% of GDP of which around 28% to 28.5% could be contributed by the increased flow of domestic savings. The gap of around 2% to 2.5% of GDP that would remain could then be easily financed by attracting foreign investment. The aggregate flow of foreign investment required to finance our ambitious GDP growth target would be around 60 bn. dollars by the year 2020. Given the recent experience of East Asian countries, we should not aim at a rate of foreign investment of more than 3% of GDP and should try to finance it by attracting foreign investment rather than external commercial borrowing. If we implement the second generation reforms and the macroeconomic scenario gathers enough strength and momentum, attracting 60 billion dollars of foreign investment per annum should not be a difficult proposition by the year 2020.

Critical success factors
Before I conclude, I would like to emphasise that effective translation of the broad macro-level strategy and specific policy initiatives into tangible results at the micro-level leading to the fulfillment of the proposed vision for Indian economy in 2020 depends on several critical factors. Some of these critical success factors are :
- Long term political commitment to the proposed vision and specific goals on the part of the Union Government;
- Shared vision and cooperation from all State Governments in this national endeavour;
- Sensitive technically well informed and administratively competent bureaucracy dealing with this Herculean task;
- Effective and efficient coordination among various levels of government departments, agencies and institutions involved in the implementation of various policy initiatives;
- Overall environment of mutual trust and respect between the government, the bureaucracyand the private sector; and finally
- Organizational effectiveness and adaptability of the Indian corporate sector.
- It would be necessary to strengthen and cultivate these factors during the course of our long journey to economic prosperity over the next two decades.

Services Sector
Services, the 'tertiary sector' of the economy, covers a wide gamut of activities like trading, banking and finance, infotainment, real estate, transportation, security, management and technical consultancy among several others. The contribution from services sector today stands over 40 per cent of the total GDP in India. The sector currently employs close to 20 million people in India. The TIFAC study on services covered nine select sub-sectors ranging from advertising, HRD services, testing and certification to Government administration.

For all the aforesaid areas, IT plays the prime role in information processing, storage and access with a view to providing improved services to the consumers. Some of the typical IT applications in major services sector are outlined in the following sections.

Financial Services
Financial services have been the major users of IT and communication technologies. IT expenditure by US banks has recorded a compounded annual growth rate of 8.4 per cent. The management information system (MIS), distributed computing devices, open systems, high-speed data networks (LAN MAN, WAN, ISDN, etc.), related database management services (RDBMS) have been important development milestones in IT with major impact on financial services.

The development of optical fibre has greatly improved the communication speed, anticipated to touch 2 trillion bits per second eventually. Packet switching transmission method like asynchronous transfer mode achieving a speed upto 622 million bits per second has been the major breakthrough in communication technology. CD-ROMS with storage capacity of 1.6 GB of data have been instrumental in fast information retrieval and access. Use of multimedia for storage of text, graphics, video, sound, etc. has immensely benefitted the information storage system. All these technologies are used extensively by the banking and financial services sector.

Automated Teller Machines (ATM)
ATMs, though operational in the country for quite some time, are expected to make a big head-way in India. It has been estimated that there are around 400,000 ATMs worldwide out of which 1,00,000 are located in Japan alone. The latest generation networked ATMs allow the user to perform upto 150 kinds of transactions ranging from simple cash withdrawals and deposits, to fund transfer to trading in stocks to buying mutual funds to something mundane like payment of electricity bills, booking air-tickets and making hotel reservations.

ATMs are synonymous with credit cards; 578 million credit cards issued worldwide were involved in a transaction of US $ 1092 billion by June, 1993. India is poised to become one of the world's largest credit card users by 2020.

'Virtual' Bank
Multimedia technology has been quite effective in bringing the banking services to the door-step of its customers. The customer activated terminal (CAT) or Kiosk is an interactive multimedia display unit, housed in a small enclosure, typically consisting of a computer workstation, monitor, video disk player and a card reader. It allows the customers to browse through information and use the available banking services at their own speed. Some banks are thinking of establishing 'virtual' branches where a customer can walk through the door, explore services by touching parts of the screen and at any time call up a member of the bank staff by video conferencing. While the banks do not need to invest heavily in real estate for setting up such a branch, the customer gets the benefit of 'one-stop banking' at a convenient location.

Home Banking
Smart phones with screen built-in modems and programmable microprocessors let the customer access a variety of financial services from home.

Electronic Funds Transfer at Point of Sale (EFTPOS)
While travellers' cheques meant 'pay-now-buy-later' and credit cards had 'buy-now-pay-later' advantages, EFTPOS or debit cards signify 'buy-now-pay-now' but without cash transaction. The user presents his ATM card when he buys goods and the EFTPOS system immediately debits his bank account.

Smart Cards
The 'Processor' type smart cards with in-built integrated circuits (ICs) or micro-chips offer a wide range of transactional opportunities even from remote areas. The smart cards are extensively being used for employee 'clocking in', withdrawing cash from ATM, using pay-phones, payment of various bills, etc.

Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)
EDI typically denotes paperless financial transactions across the locations. EDI is fast becoming the norm for inter-company transactions and also for procurement of boughtout items from the suppliers. The companies can now operate their bank accounts through corporate banking terminals in their own offices which are linked to the bank computers. Companies can thus carry out transactions like transferring funds, managing its cash flow, opening letters of credit,etc. without any paper work. Singapore has established trade-net to facilitate electronic submission of trade documents by traders to various Govt. agencies and the response of these agencies to the sender. It has reduced document processing time from one day to 15-30 minutes and the estimated saving are of the order of $ 1 billion annually.

Image Processing
As financial services including capital markets and banking are highly document intensive, image processing technology can have a far reaching impact for such applications for its 'Less paper ' handling characteristics. In banks, image technology could be used for automatic identification or character recognition to read text and diagram wherein the cheques or documents can be scanned.

Expert System
The financial services sector is increasingly using decision support systems (DSS) or expert systems for functions such as credit risk appraisal, forecasting loan delinquencies, investment decisions, etc. One of the most promising developments in this field is the use of 'neural network' approach to build an expert system which lets the software literally learn from example and experience. Several banks today are using neural network programmes to detect credit card fraud. It is also being used by some leading investment banks to track stock price patterns and predict their movements.

Advertising, Media & Infotainment
The areas of advertising, media and infotainment are interrelated and their growth and momentum are closely linked with economy, demography, life-style and simultaneously with technological innovations. The levels of literacy and poverty alleviation also have direct bearing on mass media. And again IT applications would have far reaching impact on these services sectors.

International Scenario
The Deloitte delphi survey of more than 100 industry executives (comprising chairmen/presidents/CEOs, VPs, directors/managers) from telecom, broadcasting and cable TV, consumer electronics, computer industry, publishing and advertising agencies in USA has predicted the following future scenario.
- 40 per cent of the key residential and business markets across the USA would be served by cable TV network based on optical fibre
- Most popular mass market services as expected :
- Movies and music on demand
- Home shopping
- Video games via network
- Participatory TV
- Distinction between telephone and cable entities are expected to become blurred
- Direct broadcast satellites (DBS) would emerge as a potent delivery factor
- Affordable mass market for multimedia products and services are predicted by 1998 - 2000 time-frame
- Potential new products :
- PCs for scheduling appointments or displaying an electronic book
- Digital camera for still photographs stored on disk for viewing and editing
- Multimedia CD player desired as a compact disk attached to a TV

Internet has already revolutionized the media and advertising scenario all over the world. The companies in USA had spent US$ 70 million in 1993 (that was easily doubled in 1994) for advertising in the Internet. Internet usage is growing @ 15 per cent a month, that's 435 per cent a year ! Currently more than 200 magazines are available online in USA. Time, Money and Entertainment Weekly provide full-text articles through their home-pages in the Internet. Newsweek on Prodigy enables advertisers use high quality graphics, video and sound. It is expected that 30-50 per cent of the magazines' earnings are from the advertisement whereas download fees from the users provide the rest.

The commentators have predicted some more interesting technological innovations. The most important of them all is interactive television, this is expected to be available by another ten years in advanced countries. This would provide the impetus for user controlled 'on demand' interactive advertising services. The interactivity reduces the time gap between image advertising and tactical promotions. Interactivity further allows the advertisers to target or address the audience with absolute precision. It is expected that 55-60 per cent of US households would be served by interactive networks by another ten years.

Future Ahoy! - India
Television would forge ahead with its domineering role in mass media relegating the print media much behind. With more and more channels getting available coupled with strong emergence of cable networks for localized programmes, TV would pave the way for multi-million rupees entertainment, advertisement and allied business. While rural sector would account for nearly 50 per cent of TV ownership, it is predicted that not more than two-thirds of all the households across the country would own a TV by 2020. TV (including satellite and cable transmission) would account for 40 per cent of advertisement outlays in 2020 against 22 per cent at the current level.

Online electronic newspapers may become a reality in India with the advances in telecom services but such dramatic changes are unlikely for at least another five years. Steep rise in input costs, declining advertisement support (anticipated to reduce by 20 per cent) and shortage of trained manpower would pose major threats to the newspaper industry.

Multimedia technology enabling simultaneous exhchange of voice, text and data would prove to be a major medium of advertisement. Spending on advertisement is expected to be around 5 per cent by 2000 and to reach 12-15 per cent by 2020 AD. Ultimately the market would see an increase from Rs. 350 million to Rs. 120-150 billion by 2020. Around 50-75 million household are expected to be potential users of multimedia by 2020.

Information Technology & Services Sector : Key Issues
While the technological possibilities of IT may be unlimited, their applications and adoption in INdia need a conscious approach towards business process reengineering of existing practices and procedures to take the fullest advantage of IT. Continuous training and skill upgradation of human resources assume critical importance towards absorption of new technologies.

The elimination of manual records, the introduction of electronic fund transfer, ATMs, etc. raise the important issue of security and integrity of data. This includes issues relating to confidentiality of information, preventing data corruption and prevention of fraud. Appropriate technologies for encryption of data for secured transaction, regular and multiple backups, extensive use of passwords and other forms of authorization would need to be adopted.

For paperless and electronic financial transactions in India, a host of legal aspects need to be looked into. As in case of EFT, a cheque is not required to be presented physically for making payment as per the current practice. Also the legal liabilities of banks and customers in case of loss of ATM cards, ATM frauds, etc. are not quite understood in the present system. The adoption of new technologies would warrant a thorough review of the system towards changed legal stipulations.

Finally, the most important aspect of costs involved and benefits expected need a closer scrutiny. Expenditure on IT has always not been in tune with the returns envisaged. The American example of spending US $ 100 billion on IT applications in financial services during 1970-80 has been a pointer. With 100 per cent more expenditure on IT per worker, it increased productivity by only 0.7 per cent per year. Hence, proper implementation programme and technology management aspects assume much importance.

This article attempts to touch upon the emerging IT applications in a few select services sectors. The TIFAC study covers in details the IT aspects in diverse sectors like marketing, logistics and distribution, technical and management consultancy to even in the Government administration.

The services sector covers a vast range of occupations involving comparatively little capital investment leading to gainful employment and has a very good potential for export revenues. The sector calls for continued induction and infusion of knowledge-based technologies with cutting edge applications of information technology. With the highly skilled manpower and excellent entrepreneurship qualities, India can truly emerge as a 'global player' in the services sector.
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Mass Media Research Paper

2009-08-13T06:31:00.000-07:00

The mass media is now a global phenomena and has revolutionised the way individuals communicate with each other and receive information. In this essay I will examine the three forms of mass media - newspaper, radio and television - and the way they have evolved. I will explain the three main theories relating to the impact of mass media on the public. I will then discuss how media has altered the emphasis of government at election time and on a day-to-day basis.

The term 'mass media' embraces all kinds of information sources, such as books, pamphlets, mail circulars and films. The three principle sources of political information are however television, radio and newspapers. The mass media is a recent innovation which has reformed the way politics and government operates. "Without newspapers, radio and pre-eminently television, the present political system could not work. The media are so omnipotent and all-pervasive we are often unaware of the addictive hold they exert over our attention and the messages they implant in our consciousness on a whole range of matters." Television is widely seen as the most important of the three mediums, and radio the least. In a survey relating to the 1983 British election, television was cited as the most important media source by 63% of respondents, newspapers by 29% and radio by 4%.

Prior to mass media, communications was mainly verbal, between small groups, or by the church or political groups such as the Diggers or Levellers. The first medium to come about was newspapers at the end of the Nineteenth Century. These were largely unregulated and free to offer opinions and be openly biased. By the mid-Twentieth century, radio had begun to take over as the main source of information. Hitler was the first politician to exploit the potential of radio. In the United States and Great Britain, Roosevelt and Baldwin introduced the medium in a more gentle fashion. Radio was the much used medium during the war with things such as Churchill's speeches. Television begun to make an appearance during the war, used to show films reinforcing patriotism and resistance. essaybank.co.uk

After the war, television took over as the main medium. Nixons' 'Checkers speech' in 1952 is seen as the beginning of the television revolution. Ironically, television was Nixons downfall in 1960 in the first televised debate, it showed that appearance on television is as important as the message.

There are three broad arguments concerning the effects of the mass media on the public and therefore government and politics - opinion forming, opinion reinforcing, and no effects. The opinion forming argument believes that the media shape opinions held by the viewer, since the media chooses the agenda, it also shapes what issues are thought about. This view depicts the viewer as having no or few opinions before media exposure and then accepts the arguments and opinions put forward. The opinion reinforcing argument believes that the viewer will be more likely to accept opinions similar to their own, than to change their opinion as a result of the exposure to the media. "Persuasive communication functions far more frequently as an agent of reinforcement than as an agent of change." wwge gew esgeges ayge geba nge kcge geuk.

The no effects argument is a 'minimal effects' approach, based on research of the elections in the 1940s and 50s. It concludes that change in voting is not compatible with media influence. It appears that this study did little to look at other influences, such as partisanship or an individuals background. wwge gew esgeges ayge geba nge kcge geuk.

The strongest idea seems to be a mixture of reinforcement and opinion forming. In reinforcement theory, when people are exposed to the media reporting of politics, they are more likely to be confirmed in their existing beliefs than to be swayed and take on new ideas. This argument is supplemented by the idea that people are able to filter information. The three characteristics of filtering are selective exposure, selective perception and selective retention. wweg egw esegegs ayeg egba neg kceg eguk.

Selective exposure describes how many people avoid politics altogether, while others interested in politics will favour newspapers, television or radio programmes which reflect rather than challenge their views. Selective perception refers to the views and values which people use to 'edit' information, accepting that which they identify with and rejecting that which they do not. Selective retention is the same process as perception but refers to what people remember. This process of filtering appears most identifiable in those who read newspapers in the United Kingdom, probably because newspapers are seen as the most biased and there is a large selection of them. wwec ecw esececs ayec ecba nec kcec ecuk.

The main distinction between reinforcement theory and the opinion forming argument is to whether a person has any pre-disposed ideas before media influence or if they are tabular rasa - blank, with no preconceptions. The opinion forming argument would state that all individuals must originally receive the information to base opinions on from somewhere - which is the role of the media. It also points out that the reinforcement theory does not seem to make sense in an age when party preferences have weakened and people are voting much more according to issues which they have learnt about through the media. It also asks that if the media only reinforces ideas and cannot form or change opinions, why do political parties persist in spending large sums of money in the media to get elected? Furthermore, why do some states feel it necessary to censor information not consistent with their ideology? Zp8R4 Visit essaybank fc co fc uk fc for more fc Do not fc redistribute Zp8R4

The reinforcement theory argues that people are capable of forming their own ideas based on the filtering process - they will identify with a given idea and then further exposure reinforces it. Individuals are never completely tabular rasa as this filtering process already exists. "The political predispositions and group allegiances set the goal; all that is read and heard becomes helpful and effective insofar as it guides the voter to his already 'chose' destination."

Blumler argues that both reinforcing and opinion forming ideas are at work, albeit with different people. He divides people into two categories, those interested in politics and those not. Those with an interest in politics have some underlying party allegiance and so will receive media information and filter out parts they do not agree with. With those with an interest in politics, reinforcement theory is more applicable. Those with no interest in politics are far less likely to have an underlying political allegiance and so will either filter out less or none of the media's message, so they are more responsive to the mass media. The problem for the media is to be able to gain the attention of the uninterested and get them to listen to the ideas. So for example, it can be masqueraded as entertainment or comedy - such as the Red Wedge comedians in the 1980s who based their acts on a pro-labour party platform. This type of media is obviously opinion forming in intention but frequently, it is not able to change opinions as it falls 'on deaf ears.' In short, mass communications are "an inefficient technique for changing beliefs and behaviour," because, "the message tends largely to be received by those who are already sympathetic to it and therefore least in need of change," and, "... for the remainder of the population the message is ignored, 'crowded out', by other more potent communications." wwbc bcw esbcbcs aybc bcba nbc kcbc bcuk. wwff ffw esffffs ayff ffba nff kcff ffuk.

The questions of why governments spend money on electoral campaigns and why others censor information set in the explanation of opinion forming theory can now be addressed. In response to the former, it seems governments advertise their policies as a way of trying to reach the uninterested or convince interested supporters who may be 'floating' between the two parties and so prepared to listen to any communications. A response to the latter question appears harder. An argument could be made that those interested in hearing the communications are receptive to the information censored and would act if the information was available. Whilst the information is censored, there is no stimulus for action and so the government remains in power. The example of the collapse of the Soviet Union can be used to demonstrate the effects of the mass media being allowed to print what they wish after a long period of censorship. Berlatsky argues that the media held an important role, "liberalism began to erode the Soviet system from inside and our press played all but the decisive role in the subsequent emergence of Perestroika." If Burlatsky's argument is accepted, then the press was a main cause in the downfall of communism, then Gorbachev and finally the collapse of the Soviet Union. In the Soviet Union, once free from censorship, the press were allowed to print all the ideas and opinions which the public were receptive to but were previously not allowed to have. Following the information being made available, the public acted upon it and enacted change. In this instance, the media formed the opinions of those who did not have previous knowledge and reinforced the beliefs of those who did. This example shows what could occur if the press is not censored by a government who perceive it as a threat. It is interesting to note that during the failed coup of 1991, the press were once again censored.

The media so far has been portrayed as a passive actor in the political world. It must be remembered that those in the media also have objectives to achieve: they must maximise their selling potential to increase profits, they may also subscribe to a particular ideology or set of ideas which it promotes in its reporting. These factors could be seen to lead to the media reporting in a biased way and not been totally impartial and factual. This, if the opinion-forming and reinforcing theories are considered, means that the public will hold views which are skewed without them realising. This point further emphasises the impact that the mass media have on government and politics and the potential it has to alter the outcomes of political events. wwfg fgw esfgfgs ayfg fgba nfg kcfg fguk:

If it is accepted that the mass media have an effect on modern government and politics via the opinion forming and reinforcing of ideas, then it is necessary to examine what these effects are. There seems two distinct times to divide government action into: at election time, and day-to-day running.

In the United States, electoral campaigning has incorporated audio-visual tools since 1952 and has altered the way elections are fought. In 1952, Eisenhower employed Thomas Rosser Reeves Jr who was a marketing pioneer. He simplified 'Ikes' message so it was more understandable on the television and radio. He requested that Eisenhower never develop more than one category of arguments in any single speech, press conference or television appearance. Eisenhower also tried to make himself look younger and use speech notes rather than a fully written text. The democrats' strategy with Stevenson was to have quantity rather than quality, unfortunately, all his half-hour broadcasts were shown late at night and so not many people ever watched them. The then candidate for the Vice-presidency, Nixon, made the 'checkers speech' and firmly established television as a powerful political medium, wwde dew esdedes ayde deba nde kcde deuk.

1956 saw the use of short advertising spots and negative campaigning. Based on the experience of 1952 election, this new strategy seemed more appealing to the public and has remained since. 1960, and the emergence of a candidate prepared to take acting lessons and a speechwriter, Kennedy came to victory with the "model campaign." The first televised debate between Nixon and Kennedy is said by some to have made the difference between Kennedy winning and Nixon not. The first debate was watched by 70-75 million voters, Nixon had a knee inflammation and was physically worn down. Kennedy looked younger, tanned and more at ease on the screen. Nixons make-up also made him look like he had not been bothered to shave. "Since Nixon missed the presidency by less than 100,000 votes, a ridiculously narrow margin on the scale of the United States, the first debate has generally been considered as the reason for his failure."

The campaign emphasises a shift from the public voting on issues and taking more notice of presentation and style. This shift to perception together with a simplification of the message can be attributed to the influence of the Mass Media.

The campaigns after 1980 have taken on other characteristics such as the use of the photo opportunity - the candidate shown in a particular situation, for example, riding a horse or walking to or from a vehicle. However, the media is becoming more expensive. Since 1980, nearly half of federal campaign budgets for presidential elections have been spent on buying television airtime. The reliance on television and its high costs has led the way for the likes of Steve Forbes (1996) and Ross Perot (1992) to become involved in Presidential elections without having a firm political base (for example, party or faction backing, political experience, or prior knowledge). Wealth has become a barrier to anyone wishing to become elected and a way for the rich to have a go. from www.essaybank.co.uk

Negative campaigning in the 1980s went on more, the Bush campaigns of 1988 and 1992 were, "ruthless, relying on vehement negative spots." The aim to deflect attention away from on candidate, and emphasise a trait or past experience of the other candidate which is likely to discourage voters from electing him. Although it worked for Bush in 1988, it had less affect against Bill Clinton.

With day-to-day effects of the media, another American example - Ronald Reagan - shows how the right person can adapt and use the media to their advantage. Ronald Reagan was President from 1981 until 1989 and was the first President to complete the two full terms since Eisenhower (1953-1961). He came to the post with no experience of Washington, "He was an ex-actor, an ex-professional after dinner speaker. He had no direct experience of national government before becoming President, and he had no experience of international politics." His use of photo opportunities, stage managed presentations and speeches broadcast by the media greatly enhanced his popularity and his ability to govern. wwfd fdw esfdfds ayfd fdba nfd kcfd fduk. wwba baw esbabas ayba baba nba kcba bauk.

Richard Neustadt comments that Reagans' background in acting, use of charm, ability to appear concerned and dominate conversations with anecdotes which filled up time and prevented heated debates, raised his popularity and prestige with the public. 'The Great Communicator' together with his Director of Communications managed to manipulate the media to their advantage. The advancement of technology, allowing live coverage of any event, allowed Reagan to be packaged in such a way so that he would be shown in a preferential light by the news hungry journalists. He also 'appealed to the people' in prepared speeches, attempting to mobilise the public with varying success; early on having a bigger impact than later on. wwae aew esaeaes ayae aeba nae kcae aeuk;

The media with Reagan appeared to have an immediate impact which diminished over time. Reagans' persona and manipulation of the media allowed him to come to power and remain fairly popular. Without the media, it seems hard to imagine the ex-actor gaining power or passing the amount of legislation he managed to do.

The mass media has had an enormous impact on government and politics. It appears that the media reinforces the opinions of some and forms the opinions of others. Using the examples of the USSR and USA, the media can be seen to have a direct impact in the way electoral campaigns are held and the day-to-day running of government. More emphasis is placed on the media by politicians and this leads them to incorporate it into their routine and try to use it to their advantage. The three theories discussed in relation to the effects of the media have different levels of credibility, the no-impact theory appears to lack any value, whereas the opinion-forming and reinforcing can be both argued to work. This has led some like Blumler to conclude that both are working, but on different people. The media has seen a rapid expansion over the last half of the twentieth century, particularly with television, it now shapes how government is presented to the public and therefore forces the government to accept the media and attempt to manipulate it to their advantage. As the example of the USA shows, it has caused speeches to become simpler, more focused on a single issue and be packaged in the correct way. The example of the USSR shows what can occur if the press are allowed to print what they will against a previously oppressive regime. What will occur to the media in the future is not known, but it can be certain that it will continue to have an impact.

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Social Security Essay

2009-08-13T06:24:00.000-07:00

The Social Security Act came to be because of two separate factors, the Industrial Revolution and the Great Depression. You see, before these two events which shaped the United States to what we know it as today security for the elderly came from another source. In this time prior to the 1930’s America was almost entirely an agricultural nation. A typical life in this period would be to grow up on the farm working the land until you were too old to do so. Once this occurred your extended family would take care of you until you passed away, so there was no need for social security. But, as all good things must come to an end so did this fairy tale world where blood actually was thicker than water. The industrial revolution was what started it making the extended family and the family farm less common sources of financial security. Then, the Great Depression finished this metamorphosis off so to speak by making things so economically difficult that it was every immediate family for themselves. And so the Social Security Act was born.

On June 8th, 1934, President Franklin D. Roosevelt first spoke of his idea of a social security program to Congress. To tackle the actual creation of such a policy the President appointed by Executive Order the Committee on Economic Security. The committee was told to examine the entire problem of economic insecurity and to then devise a plan to help those most in need. In early 1935 the committee made its report to President Roosevelt and by January 17th he had introduced the findings of the committee to both houses of Congress so that there idea could be considered. Soon the houses were able to come to majority decision as the Social Security Act was signed into law on August 14th 1935.

One of the first things that this act did was establish a bipartisan Social Security Board made up of 3 members who were chosen by the president. The original members of this board included John G. Winant, Arthur J. Altmeyer, and Vincent M. Miles. The duties of the SSB encompassed such things as delegating to the public how earnings were to be reported and what benefits were available to them. For Social Security to be effective though the United States government had much more to do. The biggest thing on this to-do list was to register all employers and employees by the deadline January 1, 1937 when they would start receiving credits towards their old age insurance benefits. To do this the government contracted with the United States Postal Service to deliver applications to the American people. Over 35 million SSN cards were issued via this mass registration between 1936 and 1937 alone.

Through the Social Security Act monthly benefits were to begin in 1942. So from 1937 up until then the U.S. paid out single lump-sum payments to retirees. The first man to receive such a payment was Ernest Ackerman, a retired Cleveland motorman. Acker retired only one day after the act began and so he received a payment for only 17 cents. This was far below the average of the time of $58.06.

The first amendments to the Social Security Act took place in 1939. The amendments added two new benefits, which included payment to the spouse and minor children of a retired worker and payment to the family of a worker in the event of a premature death. The 1939 amendments also increased the benefit amounts and quickened the start of monthly benefit checks from 1942 to 1940. The next set of amendments came in 1950. These were to increase the amount of the benefits as they were still very low. In fact until 1951, welfare assistance for the elderly actually exceeded Social Security benefits. A COLA or a cost-of-living-adjustment was first issued after the 1950 amendments. This initial COLA called for a 77% increase in Social Security pay outs. From that point on benefits increased only when Congress said so. However, in 1972 the law was changed so that Social Security received annual COLAs based on consumer prices. In 1954 an amendment provided for a disability insurance program. Then in 1956 the Social Security Act was amended again to provide disabled workers age 50-65 and disabled adult children benefits. Eventually disabled workers at any age were able to qualify these benefits. The next most significant amendment came in 1961 when the age at which men were first able to receive retirement benefits was lowered to 62. Also, the policy of medicare was enacted during this time. Under medicare health coverage was extended to social security beneficiaries aged 65 and older. The 1980 amendments then made various changes that had to do with the disability program. One of these changes included periodic checks of the disability recipients to insure the continued eligibility for the program. Additionally, in the 1980’s President Ronald Reagan appointed a blue-ribbon panel, known as the Greenspan Commission to address the mounting financial concerns Social Security was facing. The bill which resulted from this commission taxed Social Security benefits, raised the retirement age starting in 2000, and increased the reserves in Social Security Trust Funds.

Currently the Social Security Administration is hurting severely for funds which are expected to be exhausted by the 2030’s. Also, the age at which you can begin receiving benefits for retirement has been raised to 67. So if drastic changes are not made soon to provide Social Security with more financial reserves then this benefit that all us young people are buying into with every paycheck will be nothing more than a distant memory by the time we’re of age to collect it.

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2009-08-12T06:45:00.000-07:00

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2009-08-12T03:43:00.000-07:00

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2009-08-11T09:27:00.000-07:00

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Buddhism Essay

2009-08-11T09:09:00.000-07:00

Buddhism is one the most popular and interesting religions. It can be traced back to 563 B.C.E. with the birth of Siddhartha Guatama, who is more commonly known as the Buddha, or the Awakened One. The story of Siddhartha Guatama and how he came to be known as the Buddha is very interesting. The religion of Buddhism is one of the oldest and most significant, which is why I chose to visit the Byodo-In Buddhist Temple in the Valley of the Temples on the windward side of the Ko’olau mountain range.

When I first arrived at the Buddhist Temple in the Valley of the Temples, the first thing I took notice of was the graveyard. The tombstones were very elegant. Most of the tombstones were black in color and had gold inscriptions. The black color is representing death while the gold color signifies purity.

The first experience I had at the temple was ringing the bell. The bell alone was amazing. It is a replica of the original temple bell. It is a five foot, three ton brass Peace Bell. When rung its sound is very low in pitch, and can be heard from a good distance away. The sound sends a message of peace, calamity, and spiritual cleansing. Ringing the bell to announce your arrival is said to bring good fortune, and cleanses the mind of evil and temptation.

From the bell, I then toured the main building which is called Phoenix Hall. The structure was designed after the mystical bird with its wings held up by pillars of stone. The Japanese believed that the temple reflects the promise of the mystical bird, and the recreation of spiritual hope and renewal. Inside of the Phoenix Hall was a nine foot two inch tall statue of Amida (the Buddha of the Western Paradise). The statue is the largest wooden Buddha carved in over nine hundred years and is covered in gold and lacquer. Directly in front of the giant Buddha is a small shrine where visitors can light a stick of incense.

After touring Phoenix Hall, I took notice of the detailed landscaping. In front of the main structure is a very large rock garden. The gardens are said to retain the serenity and grace of a Japanese garden and have an added touch of joy and the Hawaiian “spirit of aloha.” The gardens are believed to be the largest outside of Japan. Around the detailed Japanese gardens is a two acre pond. The pond contains several thousand carp. In Japan they are known as koi. The koi are a symbol of order and perseverance in the Buddhist culture. Visitors of the temple are encouraged to feed the koi. The temple also has many peacocks that wander in and around the temple. The temple advises not to interact with the peacocks, because they are wild and untamed.

Located behind and to the left of Phoenix Hall is the meditation house. The house is known to be a place of serenity, private thoughts, and inner peace. To the right of Phoenix Hall is the Tea House. In the Tea House you can purchase souvenirs of the temple.

The Byodo-in temple was completed and dedicated in 1968 to coincide with the 100th anniversary of the first Japanese Immigrants to arrive in Hawaii. It was constructed without the use of nails. It is a scale replica of a temple constructed over 900 years ago in Uji Japan, which was the villa of Japanese aristocrat. The structure was part of a larger compound with many more buildings. Years later, after social and political upheaval, the villa was abandoned. It was preserved as a masterpiece of 11th century architecture and is revered today as on of Japan’s national treasures. The Byodo-in Temple was planned with the input and assistance of the Hawaiian Buddhist community.

Buddhism is one of the world’s oldest religions. It was conceived in India by the birth of Siddhartha Guatama. Siddhartha Guatama was born the son of a prince. The story tells that his mother, Maya, had a dream of a white elephant entering her side. This is believed to be the conception of the Buddha. He was born from his mother’s side, who died one week after delivery. This led him to be raised by his aunt. There was said to be special marks on his body which told the two possible directions his life would end up. One direction was following his father’s footsteps in becoming a “world ruler,” or he would become a “world teacher.” He was raised to become his father’s successor. He married at an early age and had one son. At the age of 29, Siddhartha saw what is now known as the four passing sights. He saw an old man, a sick man, a corpse, and a sannyasin (wandering holy man). This led to the Great Going Forth, which was Siddhartha Guatama escaping from his home and denouncing everything he owned. He traveled around searching for answers from his many teachers. During this time he decided to purify himself by living on very little food, water, and sleep. After collapsing from malnutrition, he decided to adopt a path of moderation. One day he sat under a Bodhi tree where he meditated for a length of time. At the end of his meditation, he reached a state of enlightenment. This caused his name to change to Buddha –the enlightened one.

In the Buddhist religion there are many beliefs. One that is expressed is the three marks of reality. These three beliefs are constant change, a lack of permanent identity, and the existence of suffering. These views are believed to help reach inner peace. From the three marks of reality, comes the belief in the Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path. The First Noble Truth is to live is to suffer, the second is suffering comes from desire, the next is to end suffering, end desire, and the last is release from suffering is possible and can be attained by following the Noble Eightfold Path. The Noble Eightfold Path is Buddha’s teachings to attain inner peace. Each of the eight steps should be practiced simultaneously to reach liberation. The eight steps are the right understanding, the right intention, the right speech, the right action, the right work, the right effort, the right meditation, and the right contemplation.

Similar to many religions, Buddhism branched out into three teachings. The Theravada Buddhists believed in reaching nirvana by detachment and ending desire. Theravada Buddhism is the way of the elders. The Theravadas are a monastic community who believe in the ideal of the arhat, the perfect being, someone who has attained nirvana. The Theravada teachings are based on the Tripitaka, which means three baskets. The first collection of teachings is called the sutra, which contain sermons and dialogues. The second teaching is called vinaya, they consist of proper procedures for the rules of monastic life. The third collection is called abhidhamma which means the works that go beyond the elementary teachings.

The second school of thought is Mahayana Buddhism. Mahayana is referred to as the “Big Vehicle.” The vision of Mahayana is broader than that of the Theravadas. The Mahayana teachings are more general and apply to a greater amount of people. The Mahayana teachings believe in the trikaya (three-body) doctrine. They are the Dharmakaya (cosmic Buddha nature), the Nirmanakaya (historical Buddha), and the Sambhogakaya (celestial Buddha).

Vajrayana Buddhism is the third branch of teachings. Its meaning is translated as the “Diamond Vehicle,” or “vehicle of the lightning bolt.” Vajrayana teachings believe in the acquisition of special powers through certain rituals. Because of its unique beliefs it is known as the third branch, however some view it as a form of Mahayana.
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Time Travel Research Paper

2009-08-03T07:12:00.000-07:00

Introduction
Time Travel has always struck close to people imagination from H.G Wells “The Time Machine“to a blockbuster like “Back to The Future”. Physicists approach the subject of Time Travel carefully for fear of ridicule, although it is a legitimate field of scientific endeavor. There have been many new advances in Physics that have opened the door to the possibility of Time Travel. This paper discusses the possibility of Time Travel research as well as the bringing credibility to it.

Time Travel Ridiculed
Many Physicists laugh at the idea of time travel saying it’s preposterous. Despite this there is a growing number of Physicists that have a revolutionary new way of looking at the problem of Time Travel, not ruling it out because of many of their professors labeling the field as a joke. Today’s Science-Fiction is tomorrows Science Fact, that’s how fast our knowledge of the universe is expanding many things that were thought as impossible before now are common knowledge. It is the urge for knowledge that helps humans overcome every problem and by automatically shutting out an idea because of their personal beliefs is not only unscientific it’s also against every value that humans set to be true.

Science fiction
Writers and Hollywood have in a way brought Time Travel to life, but at the same time they are also responsible for making it seem like a ridiculous idea as well. There have been numerous movies and books that have brought light to the possibility of time travel. The problem of the way time travel is perceived on TV is that humans are not meant to play around with those forces. There are numerous moral and religious reasons that oppose the idea of time travel: you are in a way playing god, the damage that could possibly be cause by cruel intentions of people, and the unknown results of what could happen if you interfered with events in the past to name just a few. A lot of the movies about Time Travel though light a fire of desire in humans to want to conquer the unreachable.

Einstein’s Beliefs
One of this century greatest minds is responsible for giving us so much, has also given us much of the new technology now possible because of his work. Einstein’s theories of gravity and of relativity shook the foundation and literally removed the ground underneath Physics, and set up a new and more firm one from which to start anew. Scientist closely looking at Einstein’s new theories saw new possibilities by knowing that object with a huge amount of mass actually bent space and intern time. Because as Einstein discovered that space and time were interconnected he called the idea space-time. Putting the idea that is space-time could be manipulated like the way a star does then intern time itself is being Manipulated. These ideas soon came to Einstein’s attention, and he quickly criticized such beliefs as ridiculous. Little did Einstein know just how much he had opened the gate for an enormous amount of new ideas. His theories also gave birth to Quantum physics which is ruled by the uncertainty principle. The uncertainty principal paints the world in mystery and paints a picture of the universe that is obscure and uncertain; this disgusted Einstein for which he responded by saying “god does not play dice with the world” he saw the universe as one of order not one full of chaos. Einstein being one of the fathers of the factual Idea of Time Travel was also one of its biggest critics. This in a sense killed the idea for a while, for how could Einstein be mistaken.

Moral Problems
Mention the idea of Time Travel and the fist thing to pop in peoples head it that it impossible. The main reason for that is God would not allow it. Time Travel has been seen as something that in a way is evil for that fact that people think that only god himself can look in the future and the past can never be changed because it is gods will, Our own conviction for religion is also our downfall because many people are not willing to put their religious thought aside and thing of the possible betterment to the human species by the advent of time travel. How easy it would be for us to remove a dictator or a mass murderer from being born and in turn save many innocent lives. Many critics have come up with the answer that it was gods will for that to happen and they come to accept that outcome. How can humans after coming so far just accept it was gods will as a legitimate answer?

Brought Back From The Ashes
In the recent years there have been many new exciting discoveries, as well as new theories that have brought the field of Time Travel back from the ashes, where it once laid. Now you ask most Physicist about time travel and most will answer it’s possible, but improbable. Well, let’s get into what exactly what notion brought Time Travel back from the ashes.

New Discoveries
Against Einstein’s own instinct and beliefs one of the ideas brought forward by Einstein’s theory of gravity is that if you put a massive enough object in space it would bend space so much that it could even create a tear in space-time, this is known as a black hole. When Einstein heard of this idea he renounced it saying again something in nature would keep that amount of mass from being in the same place. We now know that when a star dies if it has a given amount of mass to begin with, as it begins to die, gravity will do its job squeezing the star tighter and tighter making it more massive and more massive till it forms a black hole. We have found these phenomena which many people thought to be impossible to exist in nature [1]. We cannot see them directly but in a way we can see the way other thing around it reacts because of their presence. The idea of space being able to be warped is where the idea of Time Travel becomes possible.

Public Interest
Public interest in the subject of Time Travel has increased a lot, since seeing the benefits in it. How many people would like to have their loved ones returned due to crime prevention information provided by knowing what’s going on in the future. This will surely be a very welcomed use for Time Travel. Even with all the good things that would come from the prospect of Time Travel there also come the concerns of misuse. What could keep a person from getting future information and using it to make a fortune and possibly putting himself in position of power, or from killing someone with information learned from the future? As with everything else in life there are always risks that come along, as well as benefits, but what the public must do is weight the pros and cons.

Science Behind Time Travel
People hear Science behind Time Travel and automatically think I’m not a rocket scientist, “I can’t understand that.” The Science behind that is actually quite simple to understand. The laws behind Time Travel themselves can be understood by a ten year old.

Laws of Physics
The most famous of all equations E=mc^2 is one of the equations being used against the idea of faster than light travel, which is needed in order to travel forward in time. Let me explain something, the closer you get to the speed of light the slower time moves for you in comparison to someone that is not moving at all. So if one was to move at the speed of light or even faster one would in fact be going forward in time how far ahead depends on how much faster you go over the speed of light. The problem with Einstein’s theory of relativity is that one cannot travel at the speed of light, due to the fact that the faster you go the more energy you need and the closer you get to the speed of light the more massive you get and in turn you need more energy until the amount of energy and your mass itself becomes infinite. As we all know there is no known source of infinite energy so in actuality it is impossible to travel faster than light conventionally. This is where the human ingenuity comes in as we discussed space is curved and bent by gravity (figure1). So if we were to manipulate gravity to an extent that we can bend space to our advantage then faster than light travel is possible. Let me explain, speed is a measurement of distance over time. This simple measurement is the key to faster than light travel. So you are traveling from point (A) to point (B) you take the distance from point (A) to point (B) 100,000 miles and it takes you 10 hours to travel that distance well your speed is 10,000 mph. So what does this have to do with the fact that gravity bends space well what would happen if you took that distance and bent the space between them you could in fact then take a shortcut between the two point (figure2). The way that works is you are in fact still traveling the same distance but since you are taking a shortcut then you will take less time to get to your destination . So if you travel a distance 200,000 miles and traveled them in a second then you are in fact traveling at a speed of 200,000 mps which is faster than light, your speed then would be determined by the amount you bend space around you . There is also a thought that there are rear anomalies in space called worm hole which are two black holes in two separate points in space that are interconnected (figure3). Therefore allowing travel to another region of space instantaneously and in that manner you have virtually gone back in time to another region of space. NASA has done several experiments with clocks on earth and one on the space shuttle going to space upon the return of the shuttle the clocks were slightly off. Were you to speed up the shuttle to the speed of light the difference in the two clocks would grow to be enormous, showing that time does slow down the closer you get to the speed of light[2].

Physicist Thoughts
Many Physicist look at these ideas as ones that are feasible and will be achievable within a reasonable amount of time given the time and money to develop the ideas. But there are more things keeping these ideas from surfacing, mainly the fear of ridicule for those seriously pursuing these problems. Even now in the 21st century there is in a sense a witch hunt for physicist researching these types of subjects and they are labeled as fools. Weren’t Galileo, Newton, and even Einstein seen the same way when they first introduced their ideas to the world? Physicist now should open their eyes to all possibilities, because from these men will rise the next Einstein or Hawkings, two of the worlds brightest minds. Like all ideas in the past any new idea will face ridicule and even dismissal from having any scientific ground but it is important to still pursue these problems and not let them die.

Conclusion
With the information that is provided in this research paper I hope that I have at least peaked your interest and I hope you would agree that Time Travel in fact does have some scientific merit and is not just some childhood dream. I know that you will agree with me when I say that this subject burns in the minds of all Americans, as well as bring fear into the idea. There are many problems still with the idea of Time Travel, but in the future I believe that these problems will be solved and we will have to ask ourselves the question if we believe we should developed this technology to the betterment of man kind. I hope that in the near future Time Travel will become an accepted field in the eyes of all physicists.
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2009-08-03T00:13:00.000-07:00

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Physics Research Paper

2009-08-02T07:54:00.000-07:00

In order for an astronaut to be able to ‘live’ in space, the environment in which they occupy must be similar to that of their original location, Earth. The Controlled Ecological Life Support System (CELSS) of a human bearing space craft consists of many aspects.

The seven main different aspects are:
• Atmosphere Control, Supply and Recycling
• Water
• Temperature Control
• Light
• Food
• Waste Removal
• Fire Protection

Atmosphere Control, Supply and Recycling
Within the space vessel the following is needed for a crew to survive:
• An atmosphere similar to Earth – achieved by using liquid oxygen and nitrogen tanks to produce a gas mixture consisting of approx. 78% oxygen and 22% nitrogen at the correct pressure of 14lbs/in2 throughout the ship.
• Breathed out carbon dioxide removed - by chemically using soda lime. The carbon dioxide is trapped in the soda lime by a chemical reaction and removed from the air.
• Contaminating or trace gases removed - trace odours, dust and volatile chemicals from leaks, spills and out gassing are removed using Filters and charcoal canisters
• Normal humid environment – a cabin heat exchanger is employed to separate water from the air using a centrifugal force

Water
Water is created using Fuel Cells (Refer to Power – Page ??). It is then passed through a hydrogen separator to remove any excess hydrogen that may reside in the newly formed water. The water is then stored in pressurised tanks and can be used for various activities. Water is continuously being created, and any excess water is dumped overboard.

Temperature Control
As inside the vessel, the electronics provide enough heat, the temperature control system must be able to carry out the following two tasks:
• Distribute the heat so that sections of the ship do not freeze from the cold of space
• Get rid of the excess heat
The two ways this can be achieved is by using passive or active methods.
Passive methods are generally very simple require very little maintenance however do only carry a small heat load. These include the use of insulation and electrical heaters.
Active methods are much more complex, require frequent maintenance but can bear many times greater heat load than Passive methods. These more effective methods include the use of Heat Sinks (Cold Plates), Heat Exchangers (Fluid Cooling), Radiators and ammonia boilers.

Light
The space vehicle in which the astronauts reside must be very well lit. Taking the American Space Shuttle into perspective, we see that fluorescent floodlights are used in the crew compartment, external floodlights are used to light the cargo bay and the control panel of the ship is backlit to improve viewing ease.

Food
Food must be very carefully stored to prevent rotting or other type of wasting. The most common forms of storage that would be feasible and used in such a vehicle are dehydration, low-moisture and heat stabilised. These would then require a way to reverse the process and also require the following resources:
• food storage compartments
• food warmers
• a food preparation area with warm and cold water outlets
• metal trays to hold utensils and food in place

Waste Removal
Removal of debris and potentially dangerous items is an important factor up in space. Various different waste collection methods are available, though some better than others. An extremely effective method of waste removal includes the separation of liquids from the solids. The liquids are then discarded overboard while the solids are brought back to Earth where they are destroyed. This is effective because not only does it work for objects such as wipes and detergents etc, it can also be employed as a way to deal with toilet waste.

Fire Protection
Fire over all things is probably the most dangerous possible problem while in space. This means that the vehicle must be equip with not only extinguishing utilities, but with various methods of prevention.
A possible system to deal with fire could include:
• area smoke detectors
• smoke detectors in each rack of electrical equipment
• alarms and warning lights
• non-toxic portable fire extinguishers
• personal breathing apparatus - mask and oxygen bottle for each crew member
After a fire occurs, the atmosphere control system works to remove any remaining particles of dust or smoke that may be left in the air.

Communications
The crew of a space craft require the ability to talk to both the mission centre on Earth and each other while carrying out tasks on the outside of the vessel or in payload modules.

To communicate to the Earth from the vessel, and also the opposite, communication satellites situated approximately 35,700 km above the earth are used. These tracking satellites relay the signal between a very tall radio transmitting/receiving tower and the space craft, which can be in two possible bandwidths:
• S-Band – Used for voice, commands, telemetry and data files
• Ku-Band – High bandwidth channel used for video and the transfer of two-way data files

In order to communicate with the other members of the crew, a UHF frequency can be used to transmit and receive voice. A spacewalker’s spacesuit is fitted with a personal headset and microphone enabling communication between the shuttle and him/herself. As in the American Space Shuttle, plug-in audio terminals can be located throughout the crew compartment making it much easier to communicate with other astronauts on opposite sides of a ship.

Energy Sources
The two types of energy sources that spring to mind when a space ship is mentioned would have to be, solar energy and generated power.

Solar energy are commonly used in applications such as satellites and telescopes which are aimed to stay in space for a long period of time and are frequently moving in the sun’s path. By being able to charge batteries using solar energy, a satellite can function a set period of time away from direct contact of the sun.
However when it comes to space vehicles, a guarantee cannot be made that the sun will be frequently encountered and therefore solar power would be an unreliable energy source

Generated power using devices such as fuel cells is more effective for such an application and has many other uses. Fuel cells are made of:
• The anode side – negative post which conducts the freed electrons from the hydrogen so they can be used on an external circuit
• The cathode side – positive post which collects and conducts electrons back from the external circuit. Here they recombine with the hydrogen ions and the oxygen molecules to form the water used on the vessel.
• The electrolyte – A specially treated material used and placed between the cathode and anode sides to prevent the conduction of electrons, forcing them to take an external course
• The catalyst – A special material used to speed up the reaction of the oxygen and hydrogen. Usually made of a very thin coat of platinum powder on carbon paper or cloth. The surface is made coarse so that the maximum surface area possible is in contact with the hydrogen or oxygen.
They are grouped in a stack of cells (similar to a battery) and create approximately 0.7 volts each. Although this is a small figure, when hundreds of fuels cells are grouped together, a large voltage can be attained.

Computers and Navigation
A space ship is known by most people as a very complex piece of equipment; however the computers used on such a vessel are not as high tech and up to date as a great deal of people think.

Issues such as solar wind and high energy particles come into play when up in outer space. A modern day processor has tracks so thin that if a high energy particle just managed to pass through it, chances are it would totally break a track and render the computer unusable. To accommodate for such interferences, computers are required to contain appropriate parts which lessen the chances of damage. These include older, slower and larger processors, low density memory chips, and other similar hardware.

In space travel, a single error can lead to disaster. This is why onboard such vehicles the use of multiple computers and the utilisation of methods such as fuzzy logic are important. These computers monitor equipment and control critical adjustments during launch and landing.

They also perform tasks such as:
• Operation of the craft
• Interface with the crew (Using laptops)
• Caution and warning systems
• Data acquisition and processing from conducted experiments
• Flight manoeuvres

The navigation of the craft is done mainly by the computers, however the information needed to fly the vessel is fed to the computers by the crew. Global positioning devices are also used to recognise where the vessel is and an approximate speed of travel. The use of gyroscopes comes in very useful when trying to identify the direction of heading.

Rockets
A rocket is a device which is based on the principle by Newton that “to every action there is an equal and opposite reaction”. A rocket is designed to throw a large mass in one direction and benefit from the reaction force in the opposite direction.

The high pressure gas that a rocket fires out in one direction can be seen as the mass. It comes from the weight of the fuel that the rocket burns. Even though the fuel changes in form from a liquid or solid to a gas, its mass does not change. This burning process causes the gas to expand and shoot out at an extremely high velocity (between 8000 and 16000 km/h).

Single-stage Rockets
These types of rockets are very commonly used on missiles type objects. They are simple rockets do not go through more than 1 stage of fire. The two different types of single stage rockets are solid-fuel and liquid-fuel.

Solid-fuel Rockets
Solid fuel rockets were designed with a very simple concept behind them. A rocket the burns very quickly but not explode. The fuel is lined around the edges of the cylindrical rocket with a tube drilled down the middle. When the fuel is ignited it burns away the fuel from the centre towards the outside casing until it is all exausted.

These solid fuel rockets have 3 main advantages:
• Simple
• Low cost
• Safe compared to many others
But also have 2 disadvantages
• Thrust cannot be controlled.
• Once ignited, the engine cannot be stopped or restarted.
These disadvantages allow us to see why these types of rockets are used in short term applications such as missiles or booster systems.

Liquid-fuel Rockets
Liquid fuel rockets work in a similar way as solid fuel rockets. A solid fuel rocket burns a solid fuel and an oxidiser, where a liquid fuel rocket burns a liquid fuel and an oxidiser. However they are no where near as simple as solid fuel rockets. They require a pressurised gas feed for the carry of fuel and oxidiser to the burning chamber, piping to cool the engine, and are required to carry the oxidiser as well as the fuel onboard the rocket. A real modern liquid bipropellant engine has thousands of piping connections carrying various cooling, fuelling, or lubricating fluids.
Liquid Fuel Rockets have 4 important advantages:
• Most powerful type of rocket in terms of gross thrust
• Can be built with many variable factors
• Level of thrust can be controlled
• Can last much longer than Solid fuel rockets
However they also have 2 major disadvantages:
• Extremely intricate and complex, have a large window for error
• Nitric acid used onboard is extremely corrosive and dangerous

Multistage rockets
Multistage rockets were developed with one thing in mind, efficiency. The main principle was to discard what had been used to minimise weight and increase overall speed. To do this, the rocket is split into many ‘stages’. These stages can be either solid fuelled or liquid fuelled. By jettisoning the used sections, the weight of the rocket is decreased and the mass ratio of the rocket is increased. To get the payload to its desired height in the most efficient manner, it is better to raise the propellant weight ratio by discarding unnecessary parts one after the other, not to lose reliability by making the system too complicated. Most rockets these days are built on a 2 or 3 stage design. Multistage rockets were used in the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo programs as well as the current Space Shuttle.

Cluster Rockets
Developing a large rocket engine powerful enough to soli lift a rocket is quite an expensive process. A more cost effective and secure method of thrust is brought by through the use of cluster rockets. These rockets are basically a group of many small engines that work together to lift the craft. The engines used can be previous designs from existing rockets which cuts costs and time in development. The main advantage is that if one of the 20+ engines fails, the flight is not disrupted and can continue as normal. Another advantage includes the fact that only one fuel tank is required and shared among the engines, thus making the craft lighter than a multistage rocket.

Fuel
Solid Fuel
The fuel used in a solid fuel rocket has to follow one main principle, to burn very fast but not explode. A very simple fast burning compound can be made by taking gun powder and decreasing its burning speed (explosiveness). This sounds quite obvious and is used as a common fuel in home made fireworks. Perfect examples of solid fuel rockets are the 2 SRB’s (solid rocket boosters) used on the American Space Shuttle. These have a much more technical mix of chemicals compared to the gun powder formula. The ingredients of the fuel are essential for performance and other special needs such as burn time and thrust.

The SRB’s contain the following mixture as a fuel (percentages by weight):
• 69.6% - Ammonium perchlorate (oxidizer)
• 16% - Aluminium (fuel)
• 0.4% - Iron oxide (a catalyst)
• 12.04% - A polymer (a binder that holds the mixture together)
• 1.96% - An epoxy curing agent
This mixture burns at approximately 4.2 tonnes per second! Together the SRB’s contain about 1 million kg of fuel mixture and provide a thrust of 2.41 million kg (23.4 million N)!!

Liquid Fuel
In most liquid-propellant rocket engines, a fuel and an oxidiser is pumped into a chamber where it is burned and forced out one end. But just exactly what is the fuel and oxidiser? There’s no one answer for fuel, because based on the needs and availability of chemicals it changes. However, the oxidiser used in most liquid fuelled rockets has been oxygen. It is one of the most abundant chemicals available on earth and works well as an oxidiser with many other chemicals chosen for the fuel.

The most common chemicals used for a fuel alongside liquid oxygen as the oxidiser are:
• Liquid hydrogen – Used currently in the Space Shuttle main engines
• Kerosene – Used in the Apollo Program for the Saturn V first stage boosters
• Alcohol – Used by the Germans in their V2 rockets
• Gasoline – Used by Goddard on his early rockets

However, as oxygen is not the only possible oxidiser, another recently used combination was Nitrogen tetroxide and monomethyl hydrazine in the Cassini flight system.
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Pharmacy Essay

2009-08-02T05:59:00.000-07:00

I worked in the Rite Aid Pharmacy in Davis. My activities and assignments consisted of answering phones for the pharmacist, answering the drive-thru, talking with customers and getting their prescriptions for them, putting prescriptions that the pharmacist filled back on the shelves, learning prescriptions, filing, learning how to delete and add new prescriptions on the computer, faxing papers to doctors, and a lot more. I learned so much at this internship, more than at any other internship. Its really great how they associate us with everything in the pharmacy so that way if we want to work there as a part-time job, we will already be ready for that. I also noticed how a lot of customers tend to get very mad if there prescription is taking a while or if they don’t have them on record. I realized that the pharmacists have to deal with a lot of rude people and I saw how frustrating it can get but I watched how the pharmacists dealt with these kinds of issues in such a calm manor no matter how angry the customers got. I am very interested in doing pharmacy and this internship allowed me to get a better idea of what I am looking at for the future.

The knowledge that I gained about the pharmacy is that working as a pharmacist is not an easy job. It requires a lot of hard work and patience. I learnt about the way the pharmacists operate. I also found out that there is a lot of paperwork involved as well, which ends up taking a lot of time for the assistants. I helped out with the paper work a lot because I saw how much time it was taking up for the technicians when they were already so busy. I also realized how big of a thing organization is at a pharmacy. The prescriptions are all placed on the shelves by generic or brand name. The prescriptions are all filed in alphabetical order for the customers to come pick up. Organization is the key to pharmacy. If even just one paper is not filed correctly, it can cause a lot of problems causing customers to get very angry. No matter how much of a rush you are in, everything must be placed in its exact proper place before going on. I worked from 9-12 am every Friday. I loved working there. The pharmacy technicians and assistants were all extremely kind and showed me everything I needed to know about the pharmacy the minute they met me. They wanted me to get the most out of this internship that I could. It is people like these that make a person feel so comfortable and work well with the group that can make an internship so much better than it could be as opposed to people like at my internship last year that didn’t care to show me around and let me participate in anything. However, we do learn at every internship, some are better than others, but you always have to make the best of every possible situation and try to get the most learning experience as possible. I learnt a lot about the overall structure of the pharmacy and how the pharmacist’s work.

This internship helped me in terms of my future academic plans because I want to go into pharmacy and become a pharmacist. Working in the pharmacy got me oriented to what goes on and what the pharmacist’s daily lives are composed of. I know how the technicians and assistants work and what they do and I really came to appreciate how hard they work and how much they care about their customers. I met a lot of really nice assistants and I could see how much they cared about their customers. My expectations of the internship were certainly met and I gained even more knowledge than I thought I would. I was also able to work with the customers more closely than I thought that I would. That was a really good experience for me because I realized that I love working with the customers and getting to know them and making them feel better. It made me happy to make the customers feel better and to help the technicians whenever they needed it. My expectations of the supervisors were met as well. They were very friendly and energetic people who showed me that they really care about their customers. They were always willing to show me new things and help me to get oriented and give me directions anytime I needed them. I feel really lucky to have gotten a chance to work with such a great group of people. Even the pharmacist went out of his way to find out about our pharmacy club at UC Davis and told me his ideas about what he thinks I should do to get into pharmacy school. He talked with me a lot about my plans and how I plan on obtaining them. This really helped me because I haven’t really talked to many people about this before and it was very touching to know that someone cares enough to give me ideas into following the right path. I would definitely recommend this internship to anyone going into pharmacy as one of the best learning experiences you’ll obtain. I can also say that after working here anyone can say whether they still want to go into pharmacy in the future or not, for anyone who is confused and looking to get an idea if its something they are interested in. I now know that I definitely want to go into pharmacy and working here was what helped me come to this decision. I plan on definitely keeping in touch with the pharmacist and maybe even applying for a part time job there, as well as getting advice from the pharmacist about my future plans in becoming a pharmacist.

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Pesticide Essay

2009-08-01T09:47:00.000-07:00

After reading Cesar Chavez Warns of Pesticide Risks, 1993, I couldn’t help but think of Rachel Carson and the legacy she left us with. Carson had curiosity in the relationship between environmental contamination and the safety of the public’s health. Like Chavez, she saw the deliberate disregard for the publics health, and the failure to inform the public about these potentially lethal, and hidden poisonings on earth. Her legacy was for this information to be accessible and that the people be given a chance to protect themselves.

We will never be able to release our carcinogenic burden, unless our industry, government, and society take on awareness and prevention. Either public or private sectors of our society need to try to prevent harm before it happens. Carcinogenic substances should not have to be taken out of the environment, because the truth should have been known prior to consideration of use. We should not to have to find a dead body to recognize a problem. It should be up to the manufacturers to tell us if a product is potentially dangerous. It should not have to be the citizens fighting to prove it to the manufacturers.

Carson spoke of the least toxic alternative as way of prevention. This means that if there is a less toxic alternative to a certain substance, regardless of cost, it should be used. But, to our industries, it is just not good business to act within these principals. It costs more money to look into possible health risks and to try to prevent such substances from hitting the market. Therefore, we as consumers are all being taken for a ride. Somehow in the course of our societies quest for more stuff, we forgot that it is the manufactures responsibility to inform and protect us from such things, not ours. But, in a consumer obsessed society, when there is a chance to make a buck, the concern for the public’s health doesn’t really matter. I think it is the reluctance of dominant social actors to do anything is the problem. “The chemical companies that manufacturer the pesticides and the growers who use them want us to believe that they are the health givers because of pesticides people are not dying of malaria or starvation. They have the politicians and government regulators that pesticides are a cure all- the key to an abundance of food” (Reader, pg. 142).

Our government is painting the wrong picture. They are saying that the lives that are being stolen by environmentally caused cancer, is a small price to pay when they are able to stop starvation. Chavez wrote his warnings of pesticide use 10 years ago. I would like to see how much the United States pesticide use has decreased the amounts of malaria and starvation in the world. If the government is slow to take action on these issues, it is up to us as a society to take a stand. Being aware and encouraging others to be informed, is a small effort to take to solve a huge problem. “Once social change begins, it can not be reversed. You can not uneducate the person who has learned to read…You can not oppress the people who are not afraid anymore” (Reader pg 142). Therefore, it is in our own hands to make the change we wish to see in the world. We must search for our ecological roots as a way of protecting ourselves from contamination.

When something that may be lethal to people is an actual possibility, then everyone has right to be informed. Citizens should no longer allow themselves to be lied to. We should be getting the correct information about anything concerning our health. For example, many people are unaware of how the incineration of product can affect a large amount of people. With the way that winds blow, and the distance these chemical clouds can travel, people for miles around an incineration site can be affected. All of these people have a right to know about what is going on, but instead, will never know at all. Therefore, I see it as our responsibility to make sure people know.

Some ways to achieve awareness and protection may be to get the information about the types of pesticides that have been locally sprayed. We would have to learn about the sources of drinking water and it’s quality, or learn about the way the winds blow across our towns and if they come from an industrial area. Another safety measure may be finding out about how our houses are fumigated, and the quality of the livestock we eat. All of these measures may be what might save our lives. Unfortunately we also live in a society that likes things to be done for us. As a result, many people will ignore warnings or won’t take the necessary precautions that could be what protects them. It is obvious to me now that putting all my eggs in one basket is not going to work. I am not going to rely on our Capitalist society, that is all about profit, to protect me from these silent killers that are still around us each day.
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Ozone Depletion Essay

2009-08-01T06:44:00.000-07:00

Above the earth, approximately 30-50 kilometers, a layer of stable oxygen atoms covers the stratosphere, this called the ozone layer. It protects “all life” from the sun’s harmful radiation. (US EPA). The ozone layer is very powerful; it protects the earth from dangerous UVB rays from the sun. (Frank 13) If the rays from the sun were to pass through the atmosphere it would be devastating because they have the ability to destroy skin cells in humans and animals. In 1974 two scientists discovered that certain commonly used compounds were destroying the protective ozone: chlorine, fluorine and bromine. Researchers have found out that the “stratospheric ozone has declined for at least two decades, with losses about 10% in the winter and spring, and 5% in the summer and autumn.” (Impacts of Depletion) As the ozone layer’s power is declining, more and more UVB rays are entering the atmosphere and eventually we will have no protection from the sun. “Since the 1980’s the annual ozone hole over Antarctica has been occurring only during the Antarctic spring.” (US EPA)

In the 1930s, commercial laboratories developed compounds of chlorine, fluorine, and carbon (called chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs). (US EPA) These compounds can be found in normal household items such as refrigerators, spray cans, and air conditioners. (Frank 13) If such an item were used, CFCs would be released in the air and winds would carry them to the outer atmosphere of the Earth, the ozone layer. It is because of their “atmospheric lifetimes” that allow them time to reach the stratosphere. There they are broken down and release chlorine or bromine which then decomposes ozone molecules containing oxygen. CFCs are so stable that they can only be broken down by UVB radiation. This is one of the main reasons they were widely used. They are also nonflammable, and inexpensive to produce. (US EPA) According to studies, by the 1970s, industry used about a million tons each year. But CFCs aren’t the only cause of “atmospheric depression.” “Natural sources,” such as volcanic eruptions, also add to the destruction of the ozone layer even though their impact is not direct. Instead, they increase the rate at which the chlorine and bromine break down the ozone. (Impacts of Depletion). In fact, studies show that 85% of the chlorine found in the stratosphere is contributed by CFCs while “natural sources” contribute only 15%. (US EPA).

If in time the ozone layer does diminish or even disappear, the effects of UVB rays from the sun would be disastrous. Research shows that even a reduced amount of 7% of the “stratospheric ozone” could increase the number of cataracts in people exposed to the sun by 3% to 4%. The ultraviolet rays could create serious problems with the human skin, mainly affecting the DNA. If too many DNA cells are damaged, it can result in “faulty replication of DNA in a daughter cell.” That could cause important genes to malfunction, which could lead to tumors or cancer. The Sun’s rays would also harm the eyes because radiation is absorbed into the skin and outer areas of the eye. Because there is no discomfort or pain, it would be very easy to get long-term or even permanent damage to the eyes. Frank 16)

Because the ozone is depleting, there is a growing risk for people who stay in the sun. There are some helpful procedures you could do before you walk into the sun. Most important is using protective suntan lotion. You should always check the ‘sp’ or sun-proof strength to make sure that it is strong enough to last several hours. Sunglasses with UVB protective lenses are a very helpful accessory when driving or doing outdoor activities. Not only do they lower the risk of damage to your eyes but also they make you look good. Using common sense whenever you are outside is advisable. Don’t look directly into the sun. Don’t stay in the sun too long. You might think getting a tan looks good, but the radiation you receive from the sun can result in premature aging or skin cancer. So whenever you’re at the beach or swimming at a pool, take care of your skin to keep it in healthy condition.

The public really became aware of the destruction of the ozone layer due to CFCs in the 1970s when the US, Canada, Norway, and Sweden put a ban on the use of CFCs in aerosol sprays. In 1987, the Montreal Protocol was signed further reducing the production of CFCs. Many organizations, such as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), set out to help reduce “wear” on our ozone. The US EPA has created programs to help reduce the problem including refrigerant recycling and product labeling. With the continuing decrease of CFC use, the EPA has projected that “the natural ozone production process will heal the ozone layer in about 50 years.” (US EPA)

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Hippocampus Essay

2009-07-31T09:35:00.000-07:00

Through the studies of patients with hippocampus injury, it was revealed that the hippocampus helps with the formaton of declarative memories. For example, a patient whose initials are H. M. had severe epilepsy in which treatment consisted of the removal of the hippocampus. After the surgery was performed, it was clear that H. M. had a profound loss of memory for new events following the removal of the hippocampus. Although H. M was able to remember events prior the surgery, he was unable to form new memories and take in new facts into long term memory. One interesting note was that although his declarative memory was severely impaired, his procedural memory remained intact. This was discovered through a series of tasks administered to HM. One task was a mirror drawing task and required HM to draw a picture of an object from its mirror image. It was found that HM showed improvement in his drawing skills upon doing the task over a period of time, although HM denied any recollection of ever having done the task before. Moreover, HM was found to have a normal learning curve regarding the task, and retained his skills, regardless of his inability to remember the events. On another occasion, a psychologist had concealed a drawing pin in his hand and pricked HM as they shook hands. The following day, HM refused to shake the psychologist’s hand, although he denied he ever saw the psychologist before. Such observations are consistent with the associations that the hippocampus is necessary to form declarative, episodic memory. The hippocampus is thought to be associated with short term memory and in consolidating which episodic acts will be stored as long term memories.

Animal studies have shown that damage to the hippocampus hinders the learning process. For example, rats with removed hippocampi were unable to remember where they had or had not been, and hence were effectively hindered from learning a new maze. Such observations suggest that the hippocampus is needed in learning contextual or spatial information. In another study, it was found that monkeys with hippocampus damage were unable to navigate trhough once familiar areas. And in yet another study with monkeys, it was observed that destroying the hippocampus and amygdala, destroyed previous learning and prevented new learning from taking place.

From the observations with patients and animal studies alone, the important role of the hippocampus in memory and learning is quite obvious. However, the hippocampus is not the only area of the brain that accounts for the process of learning and memory storage as it seems that the hippocampus effects certain types of memory and learning more than others, such as declarive memory and spatial, contextual learning versus procedural tasks. The interplays of the hippocampus to other parts of the brain is an important area of study of memory and learning and much is still to researched and consolidated on the subject.
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Hodgkin's Disease Essay

2009-07-31T06:30:00.000-07:00

Cancer is a disease that affects millions of people across the U.S. Hodgkin’s disease is one of its rare forms. Hodgkin’s disease is a lymphoma, characterized by an over abundance in the growth of Reed-Sternberg cells. This article will cover the ongoing research to find causes for Hodgkin’s disease in pediatric patients. Also to be discussed are the various stages of the disease and the correlation between its progression and treatment based upon a child’s developmental stage. Living with cancer during one’s youth can have lasting physical as well as psychological effects. In light of this, the frequency of late effects from both the illness itself and its treatment will be examined.

Hodgkin’s disease is responsible for 1% of pediatric cancer cases in the U.S. While cancer among children and adolescents is rare, the three most frequent major childhood cancers diagnosed over the course of a 21-year study conducted by the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Program were leukemias, CNS cancers and lymphomas with 4.4% being specified as Hodgkin’s disease. (1) Of all the childhood cancers examined in this study, which culminated in 1995, Hodgkin’s disease exhibited a modest, on a grand scale, but statistically significant decline thus allowing it to appear that all childhood lymphomas had decreased in occurrence. (1)

Incidence and Symptoms
There are no known causes for childhood Hodgkin’s. The general age distribution seems to have an early peak around the mid to late 20’s and a second around age 55 and older. Put simply, the potential for Hodgkin’s increases with age. In youths, onset of the disease is extremely rare in children under 5 years old. However it has a higher occurrence in males less than 10 years of age. About one third of cases in the United States have been associated with the presence of Epstein- Barr virus, commonly known as mononucleosis. Though it is not believed to be genetic, brothers and sisters of Hodgkin’s patients have a higher chance of developing the disease themselves. (1,4) During the course of the many years research devoted to Hodgkin’s by various oncology specialists a common challenge arises in terms of setting a concrete set of common risk factors of the disease. Many of the common factors within Hodgkin’s cases are found equally as often in persons without the disease. On the other hand, patients may develop the disease without any of the conditions believed to make one susceptible. Hodgkin’s is by no means communicable; it cannot be caught. The earliest symptoms of Hodgkin’s are much like that of a common cold or flu. The recurrence or persistence of these symptoms should alert the attending physician to test for the possible presence of Hodgkin’s.

Diagnosis/Staging
There are various methods of locating cancers in the body such as x-rays, a CT scan, or an MRI. However, the diagnosis of Hodgkin’s generally requires a lymph node biopsy to find the excessive Reed-Sternberg cells definitive of Hodgkin’s disease. When a patient’s biopsy is conclusive to Hodgkin’s disease, the process of clinical staging begins. Determination of the stage to which the disease has progressed is critical in choosing the proper method of treatment. In pediatric cases this often presents a challenge due to the highly invasive nature of clinical staging tests. Currently the standard clinical staging methods that include further CT scans of the chest, abdomen and pelvis, x-rays, and laboratory studies, are rarely included in the staging of children. (2) There are usually more false-positives in children than adults thus making the studies more difficult to perform. In the event that the initial biopsy is not conclusive, the steps of diagnosis and identifying the stage of the disease can be simultaneous. Under these circumstances the progression of the illness is still unknown and a patient may be at risk for cardiac arrest if placed under anesthesia, therefore a physician should consider a CT guided core needle biopsy.

Hodgkin’s disease is currently classified into four stages.

“These stages can be sub-classified into A and B categories and subcategory E: A for those patients who are asymptomatic and B for those patients with any of following specific symptoms:
-Unexplained loss of more than 10% of body weight in the 6 months before diagnosis
-Unexplained fever with temperatures above 38 degrees C for more than 3 days drenching night sweats”

The sub-classification E is reserved for confusing problems in staging resultant of extralymphatic disease. The E classification is not meant for widespread cases of Hodgkin’s that would fall under Stage IV.

The staging of Hodgkin’s disease has a stair-step progression of severity. Put simply the stage increases as the cancer increases the number lymph node regions in the body it effects. As the stages move up in severity of the disease not only lymph nodes but extralymphatic adjacent organs, such as the thymus, spleen, tonsils and bone marrow, are effected as well.

Treatment
When devising a treatment plan for pediatric Hodgkin’s patients a variety of factors must be considered. The age of the patient is among these, of course, but more specifically the developmental stage of the patient is considered. The methods used in treating adult cancers successfully, may have adverse affects upon a growing child. The most common methods include, radiation therapy, chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation. The choice of which method is best truly depends upon the individual cases. In studies of late, the National Cancer Institute is attempting to limit the use of radiation in childhood cancers due the late effects it tends to have. *give an intro “Adolescents that have reached maximum growth but have localized childhood Hodgkin’s are treated as adults with standard radiation. For patients that have not yet reached their full growth chemotherapy along with involved-field radiation at lower dose is generally used.”(2)

Treatment of pediatric patients can most often result in a cure. However, in the event of relapse or in advanced stages of the disease the combination of chemotherapy along with another regimen has been known to produce prolonged remissions. Even so many survivors of childhood Hodgkin’s are met with late effects resulting from the treatment. Most often these occur in sexually mature male patients and in female patients from about age 10-16. In these incidences the ability to reproduce may be compromised. Male patients are encouraged to investigate storing sperm as treatment may leave them sterile; however this also presents a challenge as many have low sperm counts from the outset.
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History of Psychology Essay

2009-07-30T09:21:00.000-07:00

Psychology on the whole deals with the nature of the mind and mental processes. Questions concerning these factors first came about from ancient Greek philosophers, the most famous being Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, during the forth and fifth centuries B.C. Hippocrates, was a Greek physician, frequently called the “father of medicine.” He was especially interested in the study of the living organism and its parts. He observed how the brain controlled various parts of the body. This gave rise to the biological perspective of psychology. Today, all new physicians reflect upon Hippocrates’s medical ethics for their study.

Following the Greek philosophers, around the 17th century, one of the discussions of human psychology was whether or not human beings are born with knowledge and understanding of reality, or are they acquired through experiences and interactions with the world. The view that we are born with existing knowledge is called the nativist view. The view that knowledge is gained through experiences is called the empiricist view. An English philosopher called John Locke, put forward a theory that at birth, the mind is at a blank slate, or tabula rasa, onto which experiences of what he/she sees, hears, smells, tastes and feels are written. In other words, there is no store of knowledge, but through our senses, our knowledge comes. Today it is still questionable and it is referred to as the nature versus nurture debate in psychology. It centres around the fact that biological processes affect our emotions and behaviour, but also acknowledges that experiences can also affect our behaviour.

In 1879, a man called Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) was considered by some to be the founder of modern psychology. Wundt was the leader of the school of structuralism, which contended that psychology is human experiences studied from the point of view of the person doing the experiencing. In other words, it was Wundt’s belief that the mind and behaviour can be subject to scientific analysis. Introspection and self-exploration are stressed. Introspection is referred to as the observations and recording of the nature of one’s own perceptions, thoughts and feelings. Structuralists in general, believed in the separation of mind and body, without interaction, but conceived of in such a way that a parallel structure is formed. For each conscious experience of the mind, a corresponding reaction occurs in the body. It must be remembered that the mind does not cause physical reactions any more than the body alters states of consciousness.

William James (1842-1910) brought about a new approach to psychology called functionalism. This refers to studying how the mind works so that an organism can adapt to and function in its environment. James established the first psychology laboratory in America. In the field of psychology, he is best known for his work, Principles of Psychology (1890), and his “stream-of-consciousness” belief that mentality must be seen as an ongoing process and not fragmented into bits of consciousness. James held that an emotion is evidenced by the internal conflict that arises from a person’s reaction to a particular emotional situation. Out of this theory grew his legendary argument that a man meeting a bear in the woods does not run because he is afraid, but rather is afraid because he runs. It is running itself that initiates the reaction of fear, which produces the emotion.

Watson John Broadus (1878-1958) was an American psychologist in favour of militant behaviourism. He says psychology is the ‘science of behaviour’. He believed human responses could be predicted by
• Observation
• Conditioned reflexes
• Verbal methods
• Testing

His studies of children and animals were innovative because structuralism and functionalists had virtually neglected these two groups. He worked on the conditioning of childhood fears and his advances with animals opened the way to the development of comparative psychology.

Around 1912, while behaviourism was appearing in the United States, Gestalt psychology was appearing in Germany. Gestalt being German for ‘form’ or ‘configuration.’ This approach was favoured by Max Wertheimer and basically contends that the psychological make-up of an individual is based on the unity and wholeness of behaviour, combined with experiences. In other words, Gestalt psychology is based on the concepts of unity and wholeness.

At the turn of the 20th century, psychoanalysis emerged. It originated from Sigmund Freud (1956-1939). His approach was based mainly on the unconscious, that is, the thoughts, attitudes, impulses, wishes, motivations and emotions which we are unaware of. Freud believed that these thoughts and feelings which we are forbidden of, leave our conscious state and enter the unconscious, but still continue to influence our thoughts and feelings. He says that these unconscious impulses are expressed in our dreams and physical mannerisms. Psychoanalysis is a psychological method that seeks the basis for human behaviour and motivation in the unconscious mind.
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Atomic Theory Research Paper

2009-07-30T09:17:00.000-07:00

Throughout the ages the study of what we call today chemistry has evolved into a highly developed point of study. One distinct element of chemistry is atomic theory. Throughout the ages atomic theory has been developed and extended by many different men who were all well-known chemists and physicists in their day. They developed the study of atoms from pure conjecture into known facts.

John Dalton originally was a schoolteacher in England. He thought about atoms as particles, which could make up the elements of our universe. Dalton reasoned about the nature of compounds, his theory became known as the “law of multiple proportions: when two elements form a series of compounds, the ratios of the masses of the second element that combine with one gram of the first element can always be reduced to small whole numbers” (43). Dalton created his theory on atoms and their nature. It was made up of four parts. First, “each element is made up of tiny particles called atoms.” Second, “The atoms of a given element are identical; the atoms of different elements are different in some fundamental way or ways.” Third, “chemical compounds are formed when atoms of different elements combine with each other. A given compound always has the same relative numbers and types of atoms.” Fourth, “chemical reactions involve reorganization of the atoms-changes in the way they are bound together. The atoms themselves are not changed in a chemical reaction.” Dalton, using the information that he had deduced and assumptions that he had made, created a table of the atomic masses, also known as atomic weights. Despite the fact that many of the masses on Dalton’s table were proved incorrect the creation of a table was a major step in the field of chemistry. (45)

The ideas and information that Dalton produced and showed to the scientific community was built upon in many ways by his successors. The aspect that was most developed by the scientists that followed Dalton was the periodic laws and the table that is organized based on those laws.

After [. . .] Dalton had developed the idea of atomic weights, chemists sought arithmetic connections between them, partly to see whether there was any likelihood of all elements being composed of a simple, common substance and partly to see whether occasional similarities in their properties pointed to similarities in structure. [. . .] Mendeleyev [. . .] formulated the periodic law, according to which, when all known elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic weight, the resulting table shows a periodicity of properties and allows one to observe the many types of chemical relation hitherto studied only in isolation. (Britannica)

At first, as any other scientific revolution, the scientific community did not accept Mendeleyev’s table when his laws were published in his book Principles of Chemistry (1868-1871). However, his periodic laws stood true to all elements of his time. Another interesting point is that since then many other elements have been discovered or created which all follow the same laws. Mendeleyev even left spaces for elements that were not known at the time foretelling that there were elements that had not been discovered when he died. Mendeleyev went so far as to predict the properties of many of the elements that he expected to be discovered. Today, the Periodic Table of the Elements looks very different and has many more elements on it but it still is based on the same laws, which is quite remarkable when one thinks about it. The periodic table is made up of transition metals, the representative elements, and the noble gases. The representative elements and the noble gases are organized into eight groups. These groups are organized based upon the number of valence electrons in the atom of that element. For example, oxygen has an electron configuration of [O] 1s2, 2s2, 2p4. The outer most orbital is the second, and there are six electrons in that orbital. The eighth group is Helium and the noble gases. The noble gases are very stable elements because they fill their subshells completely. They all end in a s2, p6, which fills the subshells. The other elements, the transition metals are set in the middle and the lanthanide series and actinide series are pulled out from the table for space reasons.

Joseph Gay-Lussac, a French chemist and physicist, used his experiments to decipher the means of determining the absolute formulas of compounds. The experiments that Gay-Lussac performed were mainly with gases. He worked with hydrogen and oxygen specifically. Gay-Lussac discovered that two quantities of hydrogen reacted with one quantity of oxygen, which formed two quantities of water vapor. Avogadro later used Gay-Lussac’s data when Avogadro formed his hypothesis.

Amodeo Avogadro, an Italian, worked towards discovering the means of determining the absolute formulas of compounds, as Gay-Lussac did. He used the data from Gay-Lussac’s experiments to postulate a hypothesis, known as Avogadro’s hypothesis. It read: “at the same temperature and pressure, equal volumes of different gases contain the same number of particles” (46). However, Avogadro’s deductions were ignored for fifty years before the chemistry community accepted his hypotheses.

William Crookes was another British scientist who helped the development of atomic theory. He developed atomic theory further through his cathode ray studies. Crookes’ experiments with cathode-ray tubes led him to show that when high-voltage electric current through the tube the tube glows. He also discovered that the cathode rays travel in straight lines. J.J. Thomson developed Crookes’ studies further a few years later.

J.J. Thomson, yet another Englishman, also worked on atomic theory. Thomson studied Crookes’ experiments and tested them. Thomson went on to discover that because the ray went from the negative cathode in the tube the ray must be negative. He also deduced that the ray was a stream of particles. Combining this deduction and his study that the ray went from negative to positive, he theorized that the stream must be a stream of negatively charged particles, now known as electrons. Thomson’s further studies allowed him to determine the ratio between the charge and mass of an electron, -1.76 X 108 C/g. Also from his experiments, Thomson discovered that all atoms must contain electrons. This must be true, he thought, because the rays occurred with various metals. Thomson is also known for his ‘plum pudding’ model of the atom. He believed that an atom was an amorphous mass in which there was no defined structure.

The New Zealand scientist that is notable for his work on atomic theory is Ernest Rutherford. Just after the turn of the twentieth century Rutherford was working on many experiments expanding on his predecessors. One of Rutherford’s most famous experiments was the one in which he tested Thomson’s ‘plum pudding’ model of the atom. Rutherford set up a device that aimed a particles at a thin metal foil with a screen encircling the metal foil meant to detect the a particles. According to Thomson’s belief the particles would all go right through the foil and hit the screen behind the metal foil. However, in the experiment when Rutherford sent the a particles at the metal foil the particles went in more than one direction. Many of them went right through the foil, however, some also were redirected when they contacted the metal foil. Knowing that electrons were negatively charged, Rutherford was able to hypothesize that there was a positively charged mass in the center of an atom, which he named the nucleus. However, many a particles still went through the foil, which told Rutherford that an atom had a great amount of empty space in its structure. Therefore, the structure was a relatively massive, positively charged center with electrons spread out throughout a large volume containing the extremely small electrons. Based on Thomson and Rutherford’s experimentation today we have developed a great deal of knowledge on the structure of an atom. We know that the atom is made up of negatively charged electrons which have almost no mass, neutral neutrons with a mass of about one atomic mass unit, and positively charged protons with a mass of about one atomic mass unit.

The German scientist, Max Planck, is also known for his advances in atomic theory. Planck studied the radiation given off by solid bodies that were heated to incandescence. Through Planck’s experimentation he discovered that matter could absorb or radiate any amount of energy. Planck explained his observations through an assumption “that energy can be gained or lost only in whole-number multiples” (295). The equation that went along with this assumption was DE=nhv, often used as DE=hv. In this equation DE is the change in energy, n is an integer, h is Planck’s constant (6.626 X 10-34 J-s), and v is the frequency of the electromagnetic radiation that is either absorbed or radiated. Before Planck’s experiments the belief of the scientific community was that the energy of matter did not change. Today based on Planck’s studies, we know that energy can only be found in certain quantities, the hv of Planck’s equation, which are now known as quanta (singular – quantum) which indicates that energy has separate properties from any other substance; this leads to quantum physics.

A notable Danish scientist, Neils Bohr, worked on atomic theory and is known for his model of the atom. Bohr offered a new idea. He stated “that the electron in a hydrogen atom moves around the nucleus only in certain allowed circular orbits” (301). This is known as the quantum model for the hydrogen atom. Through his knowledge of classical physics and its theories and some assumptions of his own he calculated the radii of the ‘allowed’ orbits of the electrons in a hydrogen atom. Bohr developed many ideas, which supported his quantum model. One of which asserts the energy levels available to the electron in the hydrogen atom. This equation is as follows: E=(-2.178 X 10-18J)(Z2/n2); the n is an integer (the larger the integer the larger the radius of the orbit) and Z is the charge of the nucleus.

Werner Heisenberg, a German, Louis de Broglie, a Frenchman, and Erwin Schrodinger, an Austrian, all worked towards a new model of the atom knowing that the Bohr model was not correct. These three men adopted a new path in the study of the atom. It is known as the wave, or quantum, mechanics theory. This resulted in yet another model of the atom. De Broglie discovered that the electron has wave properties. Schrodinger continued in this thought by trying to emphasize the wave properties of an atom. De Broglie and Schrodinger believed that the connection between the nucleus and an electron was comparable to a standing wave. Examples of standing waves include things like string instruments and so they studied standing waves and compared their findings to atomic structure. Schrodinger came up with an atom model that had electrons that behaved as if they were standing waves.

Schrodinger’s equation is: Hy=Ey; where y, called the wave function, is a function of the coordinates (x, y, and z) of the electron’s position in three-dimensional space and H represents a set of mathematical instructions called an operator. In this case, the operator contains mathematical terms that produce the total energy of the atom (the sum of the potential energy due to the attraction between the proton and electron and the kinetic energy of the moving electron). When this equation is analyzed, many solutions are found. Each solution consists of a wave function y that is characterized by a particular value of E. A specific wave function is often known as an orbital. (307)

When Schrodinger’s equation is solved the results show that there are many wave functions, orbitals, that are solutions. Every individual orbital is distinguished by quantum numbers, which can be deciphered so that the properties of the orbital are known. There are three kinds of quantum numbers: principal, angular momentum, and magnetic.

The principal quantum number (n) has integral values: 1, 2, and 3,…. The principal quantum number is related to the size and energy of the orbital. As n increases, the orbital becomes larger and the electron spends more time further from the nucleus. An increase in n also means higher energy, because the electron is less tightly bound to the nucleus and the energy is less negative.

The angular momentum quantum number (l) has integral values from 0 to (n – 1) for each value of n. This quantum number is related to the shape of atomic orbitals. The value of l for a particular orbital is commonly assigned a letter: l = 0 is called s; l = 1 is called p; l = 2 is called d; l = 3 is called f. This system arises from early spectral studies [. . .]. [l is also sometimes known as a subshell.]

The magnetic quantum number (ml) has integral values between l and –l, including 0. The value of ml is related to the orientation of the orbital in space relative to the other orbitals in the atom. (309-310)

Heisenberg’s discoveries added another twist to atomic theory, especially the wave, or quantum mechanics model. He concluded that “there is a fundamental limitation to just how precisely we can know both the position and momentum of a particle at a given time” (307). This is known as the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Mathematically speaking it is shown as follows: “(Dx)[D(mv)]і[h/(4p)] where Dx is the uncertainty in a particle’s position, D(mv) is the uncertainty in a particle’s momentum, and h is Planck’s constant. Thus the minimum uncertainty in the equation is h/(4p)” (307). The only problem with the equation of the uncertainty principle is that the closer or more accurate a position measurement the more inaccurate the measurement of momentum is. When this principle is exercised in thinking about electrons it is shown that it is impossible for us to know the exact motion of an electron on its path around the nucleus. Therefore, Heisenberg disproves Bohr’s atomic model, a specified orbit, by his uncertainty principle.

The periodic table can be looked in blocks as well. The blocks are called the s-block, p-block, d-block, and f-block. These blocks have to do with the subshells of orbitals. Electrons fill up orbitals in order from 1 up. However, within these orbitals electrons fill up subshells. The subshells fill up in order from s, to p, to d, and then finally to f. The s subshell can hold up to two electrons, the p subshell can hold up to six electrons, the d subshell holds up to ten electrons, and the f subshell holds at maximum fourteen electrons. From left to right the first two vertical columns of elements and Helium are in the s-block because the last subshell in which electrons fall into is a s subshell. The p-block includes the elements in rest of the representative elements and the noble gases. The d-block includes all of the transition metals with exception of the lanthanide series and actinide series. The lanthanide series and actinide series are the elements in the f-block. These subshells fill in an order, which is shown in the aufbau principle.

From the work of the scientists who worked on atomic theory we know that electrons can be moved around between atoms. The atoms that lose an electron or electrons are called ions. Ionization energy is the energy needed to remove an electron from an atom so that the atom is at its considered ground state, forming a positive ion. An atom’s ground state is defined as the lowest possible energy state. There are two types of ionization energy: first and second ionization energy. First ionization energy is the energy need to remove the highest energy electron from an atom. Second ionization energy is much greater than first ionization energy and removes the next highest energy electron from the atom. This is true is because when an atom has a positive charge, after one electron has already been removed; the atom is bounded stronger than before. Therefore, more energy is necessary to remove a second electron from an atom. On the periodic table ionization energy reduces as one goes down a group of elements; for example, Helium has the highest ionization energy in the eighth group while Radon has the lowest. Also, as one moves from left to right ionization energy increases in most cases. For instance, Hydrogen has a lower ionization energy level than Helium. Electron affinity is the energy required for adding an electron to an atom, forming a negative ion. Generally, when going down a group on the periodic table electron affinity decreases, or gets closer to zero or more positive, but the differences are very small.

In conclusion, over many years scientists have developed atomic theory. However, it is all based on the things the early chemists did, including the experiments they performed and the information they passed on. In many respects, the early atomic theorists were the most important because they helped pave the way for the other scientists that continued to develop atomic theory.
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2009-07-29T15:34:00.000-07:00

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Ph.D. Thesis Writing

2009-07-29T04:26:00.000-07:00

The process of researching, planning and preparing a thesis paper for a Ph.D. is probably one of the most compliacted academic assignments that you are likely to undertake in your educational life. The process of Ph.D. thesis writing is a great journey of despair and excitement which will definitely test your personal character to the very core.

Academic thesis writing for Ph.D. degree is not as easy as it sounds and at times can become a very lonely space that will leave you doubting your ability and your interest in what you are actually writing about. Nevertheless, finishing a thesis will also be one of the most satisfactory academic moments you can experience.

With this in mind it is absolutely essential that you give yourself the best possible chance of working through your Ph.D. thesis until its completion. This instructional article will talk about some of main considerations that you ought to make to reach the finish line.

The first and one of the most important considerations is planning of your Ph.D. thesis. If you do not start as you mean to go on and properly organize your work then you can expect to become incredibly frustrated by the slow and misorganized writing progress. I suggest that you develop good habits early by developing a simple filing system; this should be done both on the computer and in paper format.

You have to create and arrange folders to each chapter and sub-chapter of your Ph.D. thesis. Remember to make a regular back up of all essential computer files with your Ph.D. thesis chapters. You also have to plan any essential deadlines in your academic schedule so that you are not made to rush any thesis part of your Ph.D. thesis or PhD dissertation in university.

At the planning stage you also have to develop a thesis outline of the whole paper, so that you have a roadmap and a structured path to completing the project for your Ph.D. academic degree. At this stage you should construct thesis chapter headlines and also a brief description of what each chapter targets to address. This is especially helpful in assisting to break the whole thesis paper down so it feels far less daunting. You will finish the thesis project faster by completing smaller parts of it one at a time.

A crucial consideration of the PhD thesis is the style of the work. This is essential because you need to engage with your target audience correctly. So for instance if you are engaged in Ph.D. thesis writing on a scientific subject then you'd be expected to use the relevant scientific or technical language. Conversely, the use of slang language will make it more complicated for the reader to comprehense the meaning of your work. Undoubtedly your work needs to use the correct grammar and spelling.

As you approach the end of the Ph.D. thesis don't become distracted by the need to make the thesis look visually attractive. There are a lot of candidates in the past that have neglected the actual work by focusing only on creating fanciful cover sheets or improving diagrams. At the end of the day your success or otherwise failure will be decided by the words on the page and not by any other aspect-factor.

The final tip on writing a PhD thesis paper relates to completion of your project. As I have already stated Ph.D. thesis writing is an arduous and long academic task and no matter how much time you spend on writing your thesis there will always be something that you could brush up. My suggestion is not to become driven by perfectionism and instead aim to finaish the work strictly before the deadline set. Providing you have covered all of the major expectations for your Ph.D. thesis then you will be fine in succeeding.

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Charles Spencer Chapman Essay

2009-07-29T02:09:00.000-07:00

Charles Spencer Chapman was born in Walworth, England on April 19, 1989. He was born into a poor English family and lived a very rough childhood. Both his parents worked in show business. Both of them were music hall artists, his father became very well known. Although, he always idolized his mother, especially when he would see her performances in the back stage area. By the time he was 10, his parents separated leaving Charlie and his brother Sydney to live with their mother. It was a hard time for Charlie, especially when his father died in 1901. Later his mother had a breakdown and was admitted to an asylum in 1903. With his mother gone Charlie and Sydney were forced into an orphanage. Since he sat back stage at his mother's shows, Charlie wanted to pursue a career in film. He persevered through his troubled childhood to fight for his dream.

Charlie Chaplin became one of the most important actors in the history of motion picture. He was sometimes called "the funniest man in the world." He was also called the most versatile in movies. Not only was an outstanding actor, he wrote and directed almost all of his films, and also wrote the music for all his sound pictures. He first began in films in 1903 when he played as a paperboy in Sherlock Holmes. His first glimpse of stardom came in 1914, when he first appeared as "the Tramp." Later in 1919, he formed the United Artist Film Corporation, with a few major actors of this time. He began shooting fewer films, but the films he did produce were longer and much more serious. He still created laughter, but he wanted to make the point that respectability and authority did little for the human soul. It was during this time that he produced some of his most famous films, "The Kid" and "Gold Rush", in which he portrayed the character of the tramp. In 1940, he played two characters in the film, "The Great Dictator." In the film, he played a humble Jewish barber and a tyrant based on the famous dictator, Adolf Hitler. The tragic movie had been long waited for and was a step back from his normal nonsense comedy pictures. People left with mixed emotions, some fans even wondered how he got away without a lynching. He was criticized for many of his films and lifestyle, and was accused of supporting communism. He and his family later moved to Switzerland, after being banned from the United States. He continued directing films into the 1950's, 60's, and 70's. He returned to the United States in 1972, to participate in ceremonies in New York and Los Angelas, in his name. He received an honorary Oscar at the Academy Awards. On Christmas Day in 1977 Charlie Chaplin died at the age of 87.

Custom Personal Statement

2009-07-28T08:58:00.000-07:00

What is a personal statement? A personal statement essay, or statement of pupose, is a short and focused paper about someone's research goals or career, and is very often required for applicants to professional schools, graduate schools, colleges and universities.

Writing a personal statement is very popular among college and university students. But to write a good personal statement paper you should possess great essay writing skills. Not every student has perfect skills and abilities in writing excellent personal statements. Indeed, personal statement writing requires a lot of patience, analytical skills and persistence, of course, to complete your personal statement with excellence.

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Communication Research Paper

2009-07-28T08:45:00.000-07:00

“Communication is a complex process that can be viewed in many ways.” (Trenholm 17). We use models to help us understand the process of communication in order to interpret and analyze certain situations. These models help to arrange our thoughts, investigate the situation at hand, and find ways to improve our communication. Both the psychological model and the pragmatic model exemplify good communication and establish development in many interactions among people. Models become useful in order for analysis, when a problematic interaction occurs that may cause the persons involved, misunderstanding, frustration, and or conflict.

Many disagreements and arguments commonly arise between two people living together, such as roommates in college. I have personally experienced a problematic difference with my roommate, Sarah, this year concerning the purchasing of food among other necessities that has caused me much frustration. Every week I find it necessary to purchase food and water. I seem to be the one to go out to the grocery store to purchase the food that is needed for both Sarah and me. Last week, slightly irritated, I kindly asked Sarah what it was she needed to satisfy her for the week. She handed me a list of several items that she wished me to get for her. I took her list, collaborated it with mine, and headed to the grocery store to buy what we both wanted. Everything listed I happily bought, knowing full well that I would be reimbursed. When I returned, I showed Sarah what I had bought and informed her what she owed me. She told me that the next time she would go to the grocery store, purchase what we needed, and we would be equal. I hesitated for a couple of seconds, but then agreed. I trusted that the next time we needed anything I could rely on her to buy the items that we desired not having to worry about paying her back.

By Friday, we seemed to have run out of bottled water and food. For the first time, she offered to go to the grocery store. I made a list of the things we needed and she assured me she would return with them just like I returned with what she wanted. Sadly, however, when Sarah returned, she came in with only a six-pack of Diet Coke and a six-pack of bottled water. She left a note on my bed explaining to me that I owed her half of what she paid for the drinks. None of the items I had listed she bought. Aggravated, I grabbed my bike and pedaled as fast as possible to the grocery store to obtain the things I listed for her to buy originally. When I came back, I angrily stored my food away on the shelf and in the refrigerator, and refused to speak to her the rest of the evening.
Ending an interaction in an irrational manor is not healthy and does not exude good communication. Using the psychological model and the pragmatic model, I can better understand a more effective way to interact with my roommate and solve the problem more maturely. The psychological model is, “a process whereby two or more individuals exchange meanings through the transmission and reception of communication stimuli.” (Trenholm 25). As projected by this model, “an individual is a sender or a receiver who encodes and decodes meanings.” (Trenholm 25). According to the pragmatic model, “communication consists of a system of interlocking, interdependent behaviors that become patterned over time.” (Trenholm 32).

“ Communication is most successful when individuals are of the same mind-when the meanings they assign to messages are similar or identical.” (Trenholm 26). Examining the interaction through the psychological model, I can first discuss both Sarah’s mindset and mine. I believed that it was logical and fair that if I went to the grocery store and purchased items that were needed, Sarah would either reimburse me with exactly half of what I paid or the next time things were needed, she would be the one to pay. On the other hand, Sarah figured if I bought items for us to enjoy out of the goodness of my heart, however, when she purchased food or drinks, it was her understanding that I would pay her half of what she had paid. I encoded my message to Sarah to buy the food I wanted for the week, if she wasn’t going to pay me back for the last set of groceries. This message traveled along a channel until it reached Sarah. It was up to her to decode my message and reply accordingly. Unfortunately, Sarah did not. She chose to take my list of groceries and only buy what she wanted for the week. She encoded to me that she wanted me to pay her back half of what she paid for the drinks she bought. I decoded the message and became very furious with her and decided to ignore her for the rest of the evening. Our communication was clearly unsuccessful because the meaning intended by me differed from that of Sarah’s. Our mental sets were so far apart that there was no shared feelings or thoughts.

The psychological model shows ways that both the sender and receiver can improve communication. It suggests that a sender should try to see things from the receivers’ point of view. It also explains that the sender should make themselves clear when decoding a message to receivers. In my interaction with my roommate, I could have sat down with her and together created some ground rules for the purchasing of food. We could have then made an agreement and signed a piece of paper to make sure that we both fully understood each other and what each other wanted. The receiver too can improve their communication by listening more carefully to the sender and ask questions if necessary to check their understanding. In this case, Sarah could have listened better to what I was asking of her and asked questions if she was confused. With these ways of improvement I would have found myself less aggravated and more satisfied.

“To understand communication, you need to understand the moves people use as they work out their relationship to one another.” (Trenholm 32). It is seen through the pragmatic model that the focus is on the action, what the sender and receiver are actually doing in response to each other’s messages. Sarah handed me a list of items she wanted. I understood that if I bought groceries, upon my return I would be paid back. Instead, Sarah offered to purchase the next set of groceries the following week instead of paying me back. I agreed. I handed Sarah a list of the things I wanted. I understood that she would return with what I requested her to buy. Sarah then went to the store and came back with only drinks, none of which I had wanted. She left me a note asking for money. It was clear to me that she obviously didn’t understand me and for that matter I certainly did not understand her. I then angrily went to the store, purchased what I wanted and ignored Sarah that evening. Every move each of us made affected each other’s actions. The end result of the interaction was upset.

Just like the psychological model has ways of improving communication, so does the pragmatic model. According to the pragmatic model, “the best way to understand and improve communication is to describe the forms or patterns that the communication takes.” (Trenholm 34). Taking a look at the communication patterns in my interaction with Sarah, I can conclude that our responses to one another were ineffective and intensified the problem. Both Sarah and I could have played the communication game better by working out a more effective set of moves that would make us both happy. Instead of focusing on each other’s personalities, the focus should have been on the actions that took place during the interaction. Sarah and I could have sat down and talked about each other’s understanding of the purchasing of food for our dorm and talked about what actions frustrated us. This kind of problem solving would also result in a happier ending, with both of us understanding one another.

While the psychological model deals with mental sets, encoding and decoding messages, and the noise level, the pragmatic model is concerned with what actions took place to cause the person’s involved upset and frustration. Although each has different focuses, both of these models share a common goal of improving communication. They both suggest understanding each other’s messages and figuring out ways to satisfy both persons involved. The psychological model and the pragmatic model both propose strong and useful ways of analyzing and improving interactions, but with this particular interaction, the psychological model does a better job of examining this problem and making improvements more successfully.

The interaction between Sarah and I can best be examined through the psychological model because it analyzed and improved our situation more thoroughly than the pragmatic model did. I thought it was best to purchase food and drinks if I was going to be paid back or promised free of charge on the next set of groceries. Sarah thought she wasn’t obligated to pay me back for groceries and then, charge me half of what she paid for the drinks. Although our messages back and forth seemed to be understood, they were not. We had different mindsets and our messages were perceived by one another differently. The psychological model helps to better understand the messages being sent and received. This model says that by understanding mindsets and messages clearly, one can improve communication. If Sarah and I had a better understanding of each other’s needs and wants and had come to an agreement on the purchasing of groceries, we possibly could have avoided this problematic interaction.

Though the psychological model is the most popular view of communication, it poses some problems. According to Trenholm, the psychological model ignores the social context in which communication occurs, it treats messages as if they were physical objects, and the only way for good communication to occur is if people can agree on ideas eventually. With all models, error is likely to occur and may cause malfunction in certain interactions, however, this model systematically helped me to improve my communication with my roommate by understanding her thoughts and massages. In the future, I plan on using the psychological model if I ever am faced with a problematic interaction that deals with the misunderstanding of messages, in order to demonstrate good communication.

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Nonverbal Communication Essay

2009-07-28T08:33:00.000-07:00

The definition of nonverbal communication can be as short or as elaborate and specific as one wants to make it. In general – the nonverbal communication describes any and all communication that occurs outside the realm of written or spoken words and is expressed by generation of either intentional or subconscious cues and their recognition. Commonly, nonverbal communication is divided into subcategories describing individual areas that transmit communication cues. These areas, among others, include kinesics, paralanguage, proxemics, haptics, oculesics, and physical appearance. Understanding and effective application of nonverbal communication skills is becoming increasingly important in the modern world of business for various reasons. The number of studies suggests that nonverbal cues have a significant effect on sales by creating a filter through which the following information is perceived (Leigh 1). Managers must also be efficient not only in understanding the dynamics of nonverbal communication by their employees, but also in determining how customers interpret the employees nonverbal cues (Sundram 2).

Types of Nonverbal Communication
The purpose of this report is to examine the significance of the nonverbal communication in the business setting. The topics discussed include: types of nonverbal communication, the importance of recognition and use of nonverbal communication elements, potential problems with nonverbal communication and solutions for effective nonverbal communication.

Kinesics, meaning - body movements, represents one of the largest areas of “ “leakage” – signals that escape from a deceptive interviewee despite his or her attempts at control.” (Waltman 1). One must realize, however, that “leakage” is not limited to interview subjects, but is natural human behavior (Waltman 1). In turn, torso movements, gestures and facial expressions are commonly viewed as the most important areas of kinesics in terms of generation of nonverbal cues that, when combined with other cues as well as context, suggest a meaning to what is being communicated (Sunduram 4). Ray L. Birdwhistell, in his research, also stresses that kinesic communication must be viewed in terms of “contextual meaning” (Jolly 6). Additional benefit of using “contextual meaning” in interpretation of nonverbal cues is realized when trying to read a skilled communicator (Jolly 6). Experienced presenters can control their facial expressions and eye contact to reduce or, perhaps, prevent altogether the amount of leakage (Waltman 3). Therefore, by analyzing the context as well as the separate cues, one is more likely to perceive the true picture. William Nolen, in his advice to the auditors, suggests that based on previous studies “synchronization of kinesic cues, such as rhythmic hand gesturing and head nods, heightens the perception of credibility. Synchronous displays are perceived as more competent, composed, trustworthy, extroverted, and sociable than dissynchronous displays” (Nollen 2-3).

In addition to general kinesics, oculesics – eye movement and behavior, is widely considered to be “single most powerful and persuasive way to gain attention and win approval” (Raudsepp 3). The behavior of a person’s eyes can either strengthen what is being communicated verbally, or diminish the importance or credibility of the subject. In American culture, a direct eye contact translates into confidence, competence and honesty (Raudsepp 3). On the contrary, in other cultures a direct eye contact with superiors may be considered as daring or disrespectful. Such cultural nuances are incredibly important in the modern global business environment, where many cultures, traditions and customs often existing side by side. Another important factors influencing eye contact are – relative heights of the people involved in the interaction and the distance between the individuals. The height gives the taller person a benefit of position of control or power and requires the shorter person to maintain eye contact because of the lack of power over the interaction. The proximity of interacting parties also tends to enhance the importance and intensity of the eye behavior simply because one is more aware of eye contact at closer range (Abrams 1).

Study of space as a part of nonverbal communication - referred to as proxemics – further analyses physical and psychological space between individuals in the interaction (Abrams 2). Proxemics could be divided into the elements of territory and personal space. Territory refers to the general area in which the interaction occurs, while personal space is just that – a space immediately around a person. (Nolen 5) One of the most important elements of proxemics is the study of haptics or – in more conventional terms - touch. According to various researches, touch “enhances one’s interpersonal involvement, positive affect, social attachment, intimacy, and overall liking” (Sundaram 7). “The persuasive power of touch is further evident in the findings of Patterson et al. (1968) stating that people tend to associate positive characteristics with the individual who touched them” (Sundaram 7). In case of proxemics, the “leakage cues” may or may not be obvious (Waltman 3). In a non-familiar business setting a person cannot do much to change the territory, however, smaller actions, such as shifting a chair or placing a briefcase on his or her lap, can suggest the true feeling or intentions of that person (Waltman 3).

Yet another important aspect of nonverbal communication is voice. Vocal characteristics of one’s speech – the paralanguage – that include volume, rate, pitch and pronunciation are one of the most crucial factors in contributing or reducing the speaker’s credibility. One of the most popular beliefs, which has been confirmed by various studies in communication, suggests that a loud, strong voice transmits confidence (Fatt 2). Combinations of various elements of the paralanguage are attributed to different styles of speech, and, thus, provoke different feelings and perceptions in listeners. According to one of the studies, the conversation style, which includes slower rate, lower pitch and volume and less inflection, presented the speaker as being trustworthy, pleasant and friendly. In the same study the public speaking style, which includes higher pitch, vocal intensity and inflection, was said to portray dominance, dynamism and competence (Sundaram 6).

The last aspect of nonverbal communication discussed in this research is physical appearance. Although, in the greater sense, attractiveness describes characteristics that go beyond the physical appearance alone (Gabbot 4), physically attractive people are perceived as “more persuasive (Chaiken, 1979), successful in changing attitudes (Kahle and Homer, 1985), and are perceived to be warmer, more poised, and more socially skilled than less attractive people (Chaiken, 1979)” (Sundaram 8). The way one dresses is also an important element of physical appearance as a source of nonverbal cues, in big part because a person has much more control over his or her clothes, as opposed to the features of the face or the body size. In the recent decade the business world in US has seen various degrees of acceptance of the business casual dress code either as an alternative or as an addition to the traditional business attire (McPherson 1-2).

The Importance of Recognition and Use of Nonverbal Communication Elements
Importance of effective recognition of the nonverbal cues is difficult to overestimate. According to popular scholarly beliefs, between 60 and 93 percent of the meaning in the interaction may be generated by the nonverbal aspects of communication (Leigh 2). Some break it down even further stating that “people respond to body language 55 percent of the time, tone of voice 38 percent of the time, and actual words a mere 7 percent” (Arthur 2). As business organizations and interactions become more and more complex, the room for error diminishes greatly and the difficulty of obtaining and maintaining the competitive edge become increasingly important. Areas of sales, consulting, auditing, investment banking and many others where primary business revolves around client interaction, information acquisition and analysis, and persuading individuals are the ones that must be extremely effective in nonverbal communication. For example, a sale manager communicating with a new client over the telephone can benefit from skillful utilization of paralanguage, because the initial call creates a base on which the future interaction and is built (Leigh 1). In the service industry, the recognition and acceptance of nonverbal communication can too benefit the employees as well as the business process in general. Customer satisfaction depends on more than just adequate execution of the service, it also includes the nonverbal context of what is being done or said. Managers who realize the significance of the nonverbal aspect of communication and effects it has on the success of the business interaction will be able to seek out individuals with better developed nonverbal communication skills and integrate them in the optimal position of the business process (Gabbot 9).

Potential Problems with Nonverbal Communication
In addition to the benefits of nonverbal communication, some problems exist as well. As the research suggests, little correlation exists between one’s self-rated accuracy of decoding of the nonverbal cues and the actual performance (DePaulo 239). Some individuals also tend to concentrate more on their strongest areas of nonverbal communication while neglecting the other aspects. As in the example presented by Diane Arthur, the kinesic cues, contradictory to other verbal and nonverbal behavior, significantly undermined the credibility and effectiveness of the presenter (Arthur 2). Another problem area within the realm of nonverbal communication is the ambiguity of generated and transmitted cues. Since the appropriate meaning and interpretation of nonverbal cues are highly contextual in nature, the same gestures, facial expressions or posture can and do mean different things in different interaction environment and settings. Often, perceivers tend to venture farther than available context allows and interpret the signals according to their mental map, or to put it in other word - their previous knowledge, experience, stereotypes and others perceptual filters. Problem is further escalated due to the natural tendency of humans to be overly confident of the purely subjective judgments reached according personally-relevant information (Druckman 178). This idea develops into yet another obstacle in the interpretation of body language. Differences in cultural backgrounds of those involved in the interaction may interfere with correct decoding the encoded message. Most common cultural differences would probably be in kinesics. For example, a nod in the United States, as well as in many other cultures, signifies understanding or agreement. However, in the Middle East, a single nod represents disagreement or rejection (Arthur 2). Similarly, other commonly used gestures or other aspects of nonverbal communication may have completely different meanings in various cultures. With this said, one must realize that the term culture does not refer to the various ethnic and geographical groups exclusively. Culture can describe anything from sex to interorganizational culture. Therefore, in order to correctly decode the nonverbal cues one must not only analyze the ones that are relative to the context of what is being communicated, but also to attempt to interpret them in light of the decoder’s cultural background. The task of understanding nonverbal cues clearly is extremely complex and misunderstandings are common.

Solutions for Effective Nonverbal Communication
At least partial solutions to the problems of nonverbal communication can and should be implemented in the business organizations of today through training, analysis and practice. Managers, as the trained professionals and business leaders are responsible for the training and, partially, for analysis aspects of the solution. In addition, each individual is responsible for continuing analysis and practice of his or her nonverbal skills. The managers can aid the employees and coworkers by explaining and ensuring that the employees understand the significance of nonverbal side of communication process. Initially training seminars or classes should be offered to everybody and later readily available for anyone who needs them. Constant feedback is also crucial to ensure continuous learning and analysis process (Sundaram 12). William Nolen cites examples of George Patton and Richard Nixon practicing their facial expressions in order to appear more determined or trustworthy. They realized the importance of nonverbal communication in portraying the desired image. Not unlike U.S. General and U.S. President, today’s business people must portray a number of images depending on the situation and their field (Nolen 1). Therefore, one must not only understand the importance of nonverbal communication and be able to recognize them, but also to be continuously improving one’s own nonverbal behavior.

Conclusion
From the information presented, the importance of the nonverbal communication in modern business is obvious. The fact that a great number of successful CEOs, auditors and sales people refer to psychology of human behavior as one of the most useful non-business skill they posses demonstrates the vitality of using such skill appropriately and effectively. Employees empowered by this analytical tool are more likely to accomplish better results, avoid unnecessary confusion which may result in delays, sell the product or close an important deal simply because they are one step ahead of the game. Companies as a whole can create a corporate structure that conforms to the company’s business model and promotes it via the employees into the markets. Although, some aspects of the nonverbal communication still lack sufficient empirical research to be interpreted conclusively, its benefits obviously can and should be utilized as much as possible on various levels of modern business environment. It could be as beneficial on the micro level – the individual’s self analysis and continuous improvement of his hand gestures during presentations – for example, as it could be on the greater scale, perhaps – the development of corporate image through the marketing campaign.
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Master's Essay Writing

2009-07-26T22:49:00.000-07:00

Are you going to obtain a Master’s degree in your university? Have you got any problems in writing essays for your Master’s degree? Do you need someone to help write your Master’s essay paper? There are a lot of different solutions for you.

One of the most popular things is reading free guidelines and articles on how to write good Master’s essays, how to choose the most impressive topic, outline, thesis statement or structure for your paper. Actually, such free helpers can assist students partly only providing them with basic tips and instructions for Master’s essay writing.

Other method is similar to previous, you can easily get free sample Master’s essays and Master’s essay examples on different topics from various website which offer unlimited access to essays, which are unfortunately pre-written, on other words plagiarized.

In my mind, the most efficient way of getting Master’s essay help is to order a custom essay from professional custom writing services which are committed to provide custom papers for Master’s level students. As a matter of fact online writing companies offer each student option to select the academic level he/she needs: School, High school, College, University, Master’s or Ph.D. That’s why custom Master’s essay writing costs more that all other academic course levels excluding Ph.D.

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Marketing Orientation Research Paper

2009-07-26T19:26:00.000-07:00

Market orientation is an organisation's disposition to provide superior value to its customers continuously (Slater and Narver, citied in Han, Kim and Srivastava 1998). Kohli and Jaworski as cited by Avlonitis and Gounaris (1999) suggested that the market orientation framework consists of three components, intelligence gathering, intelligence dissemination and responsiveness. They also proposed that this framework is influenced by a number of antecedent variables, such as top management involvement and interdepartmental conflict, is moderated by environmental variables including market turbulence, and is manifested in a number of outcomes, for example, esprit-de-corps and company performance (Ngai and Ellis 1998). Noble, Sinha and Kumar (2002) states that there is support that by striving to achieve market orientation will have a positive effect on organisational performance.

Intelligence gathering is the first step in the market orientation framework. The major type of information acquired is on customers’ needs and preferences. Although intelligence gathering pertains to these customer needs and preferences, the process also includes an analysis of how these may be affected by factors such as government regulations, technology, competitors and other environmental factors (Deshpande 1999). This is so organisations can understand how their products cater for and satisfy customer needs and wants better (Avlonitis and Gounaris 1999).

Effectively responding to a market need requires the participation of the organisation as a whole from research and development, manufacturing, purchasing right through to the sales and marketing departments. For the organisations to adapt to these needs the intelligence gathered from the previous process needs to be communicated, disseminated and sold to relevant departments and individuals (Deshpande 1999). By disseminating the information it will familiarise and mobilise the organisation towards the objectives and goals required to provide customer value and satisfaction (Avlonitis and Gounaris 1999).

Responsiveness takes the form of selecting target markets, designing and offering products and services for catering to their current and anticipated needs, and producing, distributing, and promoting the products in a manner that elicits favourable end-customer response (Deshpande 1999). It is also adjusting products towards market needs and wants, rather than according to the organisations beliefs and perceptions (Avlonitis and Gounaris 1999).

However, there are antecedent variables that can enhance or impede the implementation of the framework towards market orientation. Avlonitis and Gournaris refer to the Top Management Team (TMT) as an important influencing factor. The reason why the TMT are important is that they are the ones that must ensure that the structure is in place so that the organisation can effectively implement the new strategies to gain market effectiveness. The factors that make them influential is how likely are they to encourage employees to successfully implement these strategies, share market intelligence and be responsive to market needs (Deshpande 1999). It could be said that the greater the encouragement and acceptance of the TMT, the greater the market intelligence generation the intelligence dissemination and the overall responsiveness to market change. Another important factor to consider is that responding to market needs often calls for change within the organisation is some form or another. Change of any kind has elements of risk, how big a risk is determined by the nature and size of the change. For that reason the greater the risk aversion of the TMT, the lower the market intelligence generation, intelligence dissemination and the responsiveness of the organisation.

Deshpande (1999) refers to departmental dynamics. This refers to the formal and informal interactions and relationships among the organisations departments. An important aspect of departmental dynamics is conflicts, this usually arising from departments having incompatible objectives. The greater the interdepartmental conflict, the lower the market intelligence dissemination and the responsiveness of the organisation. Deshpande (1999) also alludes to interdepartmental connectedness. This refers to the degree of direct formal and informal contact among employees across departments. The greater interdepartmental connectedness is, the greater the market intelligence dissemination and the responsiveness of the organisation. On a more structural level Matsuno, Mentzer and Ozsomer (2002) talk about the organisations centralisation and formalisation. Centralisation refers to the amount of responsibility and authority delegated throughout an organisation and the extent of participation by organisational members in decision-making. Formalisation is defined as the emphasis placed within the organisation on following specific rules and procedures. The greater the formalisation of an organisation, the less it will tend to generate, disseminate, and plan a response to market information but the more effective its response implementation. The greater the centralisation of an organisation, the less it will tend to generate, disseminate, and plan a response to market information but the more effective its response implementation Deshpande (1999).

Han, Kim and Srivastava (1998) refer to environmental factors that can effect customer satisfaction. Environmental factors refer to competitive intensity, market turbulence and technological turbulence. These environmental factors help organisations to produce products and services that provide value for customers. Competitive advantage comes from the ability to shape buyer perceptions, preferences, and decision making, in which technology and innovation are critical factors. Technical innovation and knowledge management also contributes to customer satisfaction.

The greater the market orientation, the greater the esprit de corps and organizational commitment of employees. Many executives noted that a market orientation provides a number of psychological and social benefits to employees. In addition, a market orientation leads to a sense of pride in belonging to an organization in which all departments and individuals work toward the common goal of serving customers. These matters result in employees sharing a feeling of worthwhile contribution and stronger feelings of job satisfaction and commitment to the organization

A market orientation is likely to lead to improved performance because it is the organizational culture and climate that most effectively encourages the behaviors necessary for the creation of superior value for buyers and, therefore, continuous superior profit for the business.
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Market Segmentation Dissertation

2009-07-25T14:19:00.000-07:00

1) Market segmentation is the process of dividing a market into direct groups of buyers who might require separate products or market mixes, which is basically the classification of customers into groups with different needs, characteristics or behavior. There are four different types of segmentation variables, consumer markets can be segmented by: Demographics, Geography, Psychographics and Behavioral. These four points cover all the market segments for any product produced and released into a particular market place including the wine industry of Margaret River.

Demographic segmentation occurs when the market is divided into groups based on variables such as: Age e.g. needs & characteristics of teenagers vs. seniors, Gender e.g. Cosmetics, magazines aimed specifically to women, Income e.g. BMW = high income earner, Hyundai = low income earner, Household/family e.g. food products for a single household vs. a household with children, as well as Education, Religion and Nationality.

The demographic segments of the marketplace for the wine industry of Margaret River are as follows:
· Age – due to the law, to consume alcohol hence wine, you must be of 18 years of age.
· Gender – the wine industry does not target either sex, however there is the traditional Australian attitude that men drink beer and women drink wine.
· Income – influences the quality and quantity of wine you may be able to afford.
· Religion – is very much apart of many beliefs where we “drink the blood of Christ”, however some beliefs forbid the consumption of alcohol.
· Nationality – some countries are big on there wines i.e. the Italians love their red wines.

Geographic segmentation is very straight forward through that markets can be segmented based on regions which have different beliefs, cultures, behavioral patterns, etc. Many of the wineries of Margaret River are now “regionalizing” their marketing programs – localizing their products, advertising, promotion and sales efforts to fit the needs of individual regions, cities and even suburbs. A lot of these wines are sold in variety cartons throughout Australia to cover every ones favorites. A lot of red wine for example is exported to Italy to challenge the drops from France, due to the Italian culture and the behavioral drinking patterns of Italian people. However, most wineries are changing the nature of geographic segmentation by using the internet to widen their markets. E.g. www.eaglevalewine.com.au

Psychographic segmentation occurs when markets are divided into different groups based on social class: reflection of income, education & occupation. Lifestyle: how consumers spend their time and brands/products used (e.g. Sanitarium vs. McDonalds) or personality characteristics: match product and consumer “personalities” (e.g. clothes we wear) Psychographic segmentation very much so occurs within the wine industry of Margaret River, being a well renowned, prestigious area for the production of wine many of the products like Eaglevale Chardonnay are designed to service a more affluent class of society. However many wines are suitably priced to make it affordable for most of society.

Behavioral segmentation divides buyers into groups based on their knowledge of the product, their attitude towards it, the way they use it and their responses to it. Many people buy products due to the benefits sought from a product (e.g. toothpaste – flavor and appearance, brightness of teeth, decay prevention and low price) Usage patterns: type of brand used (e.g. decaf vs. espresso drinkers), Usage rate: heavy vs. moderate vs. light users (e.g. season tickets to football) Many marketers believe that behavior variables are the best starting point for building market segments. Margaret River wines benefit users through the taste and flavor of the product, generally the produce is consumed in a social or intimate sense rarely on an individual basis. Wine consumers generally use the same vineyard due to there preference to a particular drop. I personally prefer the wine produced by Cape Mentelle winery Margaret River. Depending on ones desire to consume the liquids of the Margaret River region will influence there usage rate.

2) Over the next decade the likelihood of new segments emerging is slim, the wine industry of the Margaret River region is an established, stable industry, which will continue to grow within each market segment but I doubt the emergement of a new segment. The nature of geographical segmentation has really changed through the internet being a major marketing tool for the wineries of Margaret River, but further change may only be brought about through increased technology which may spell change to the emergement of a new market segment.

3) Wineries such as Cape Mentelle, Eaglevale, Evan & Tate, leeuwin Estate etc use the components of behavioral segmentation as the best starting point for building market segments. Behavioral segmentation deals with the knowledge of consumers, attitudes towards the products, uses for the product, user status, usage rate, benefit sought and loyalty status. All of these variables are used as a foundation by the vineyards in order to market there products to there perspective buyers

4) Geographic segment.
The first settlers to Western Australia brought grape vine cuttings collected en-route at Cape Town, South Africa in 1829. Consequently, Western Australians have been practicing the art of wine production since the earliest colonial times. While our wineries contribute a minuscule 2% of the total national production, they are solidly planted at the premium end of the market and have a firm hold on 57% of the national sales of premium wines and around 11% of international premium wine sales. The world seems to agree that we have perfected the formula as local wines continue to collect highly coveted awards and accolades both at home and overseas.
With this said it is easy to determine the customer characteristics, associated with the Margaret River wine industry. The table below shows the customer groups related with Geographic segmentation.

Geographic segmentation
World region or country Europe is where Margaret river has 11% of premium sales.
Country region Mainly Italy, but also France and other wine cultured European countries. Australia however is the predominate market.
Density Not relevant
Climate Doesn’t matter, as wine can be drunk in all climates. Red wine in cooler climates and white in warmer climates.
City or Metro size Not applicable.

Demographic segment
The Margaret River region is renowned as one of Western Australia’s most popular destinations. It is a place of indulgence with stunning scenery and the delights of World Class wineries and the gourmet vineyard restaurants of the Margaret River Region.

Responsible for producing 2% of Australia’s wine as already stated but over 15% of Australia’s premium wine, the 60 or so wineries in the region open for cellar door sales, and tastings offer the visitor an impressive selection. Boutique beer breweries, exquisite cheese product, jams and condiment producers, a marron (freshwater crayfish) farm, olive groves and even chocolate and fudge factories also add to the gourmet experiences. Add this with an immense array of art and craft galleries, the area offers visitors a fabulous opportunity to experience the work of local producers and artists.

The actual wineries themselves market themselves locally within Western Australia, however their produce is marketed nationally and internationally. The table below demonstrates the customer groups associated with the winery Eaglevale estate.

Demographics for Eaglevale
Age The wine: marketed towards the 18+ generations, but more towards the older middle aged people.The winery: marketed towards families and couples on holiday.
Gender The wine: both genders however Australian men tend to drink more beer than wineThe winery: both genders as there are many different activities to engage in.
Family size The wine: N/AThe winery: all family sizes from couples to families with ten children.
Family life cycle The wine: all cycles from young 18+ to older married with childrenThe winery: all cycles from young 18+ to older married with children
Income The wine: there are four wines to choose from at Eaglevale estate, starting at $19.50 and ending at $32. There are wines to cater for most income brackets.The winery: the winery itself is quite expensive to visit, if you come as a family, however single people find it quite affordable. Lower income earners are not targeted by the wineries.
Occupation The wine: not targeted to any segmentThe winery: not targeted to any segment
Education The wine: maybe universities and TAFEs but not really, as beer and spirits hold the main marketThe winery: does employ university graduates such as those completing degrees in viticulture.
Religion The wine: not marketed to non-wine drinking religionsThe winery: doesn’t discriminate between religions
Race The wine: not marketed to non-wine drinking culturesThe winery: caters for all cultures wine drinking or not.
Generation The wine: the baby boomer era and the era after that would purchase the majority of the wines.The winery: older generations generally visit the winery more regularly than any other generation, as retired people have a lot more time to travel and wine is the drink of most older people.
Nationality The wine: The Italians, French and Australians are the biggest consumers of the wines.The winery: mainly Australians visit the winery for tastings etc, however nearly as many tourists visit the winery.

Psychographic segment
Psychographic
Social class The wine: all classes above upper lowers.The winery: as above
Lifestyle The wine: most lifestyles such as achievers, extravagant, and flamboyant The winery: as above
Personality The wine: all personalities except the Australian beer drinkerThe winery: as above.

Behavioral segment
Behavioral
Occasions Wine: There are two segments in this market and they are regulars and occasional. Regulars generally are wealthier and predominantly wine drinkers whereas occasional drinkers are not as wealthy and tend to drink other forms of beverages such as beer.Winery: This also has a similar segment as above, with locals (people within the SW, from Perth to Albany) tending to visit the winery on more numerous occasions than tourists or people further away than the SW.
Benefits Wine: Well priced within the Margaret river market, also caters for most income earners. Winery: Great service, food, wine and general experience.

User status Wine: This brand of wine is very flexible with long-term users, one-time users and potential users generally enjoying the great tastes of Eaglevale wines.Winery: caters for all types of users, as it serves not only wine but beer, food and other services such as tours etc.

Usage rate Wine: an average usage rate for Eaglevale wines is one bottle per user per week. This varies depending on the person’s economic, social and behavioral background. However this wine is generally used lightly as it is quite expensive compared to other wines from the eastern states.Winery: light usage, as the winery is in a semi isolated area in the SW.
Loyalty status Wine: medium loyalty status, as there are so many competitive brands such as Evan & Tate circulating around the market.Winery: low-medium loyalty, as people tend to visit many wineries when traveling throughout the SW. There are the locals however that have a strong loyalty to the brand Eaglevale.
Readiness status Wine: Desirous; people know about the Margaret river wines, and are aware of there prestigious name, However Eaglevale is relatively new in the wine market.Winery: Unaware-Aware; Eaglevale is relatively new in the Margaret river region, so its product is not as well known as its competitors. But as people drive past the winery on the way to Margaret river and the tourist bureau is advertising its name it will soon be a desirous winery.
Attitude towards product Wine: Positive; all reviews of the wines have been very good, nationally/locally and internationally.Winery: Positive also; the wine is excellent as is the service and food.

5) Geographic customer groups.
The benefits the geographic groups receive from using the Eaglevale estate wines is the satisfaction and enjoyment of partaking in the consumption of a prestigious and well renowned wine. The customers in the cooler climates can enjoy a relaxing glass of room temperature red that is award winning and priced well among other prestigious wines, whereas the white wine can be consumed by customers in the warmer climates just as enjoyably. The point is that geographically speaking there are no disadvantages associated with the Eaglevale wines.

Demographic customer groups
The Eaglevale wines are suited for the 18+ bracket, however its predominant market is the older generations. The disadvantage here is that there is a large part of the market being missed, as under 18s are not legally able to drink and 18-mid 20s are more inclined to consume spirits or beer. The benefits however are that wine drinkers tend to be product loyal, or semi loyal as many wines are similar. This means that getting among the market is very important and Eaglevale is almost a major contender in the prestigious wine market. The company exports produce to Europe, which is the biggest wine consuming continent in the world, this inevitably gives the Eaglevale estate an edge in the wine market. As Eaglevale targets the older person, family or no family, the Winery has a broad Demographic range allowing it to try and enter into other market segments, as it is trying to do at its winery with a restaurant and proposed motel.

Psychographic customer groups
The social class segment covered is the working class and above segment, however the lower class segment can’t afford the wines so this is a disadvantage. However the lifestyle and personality segment is well covered by Eaglevale as it caters for a broad range of customers from authoritarians and ambiguous people to achievers and strivers.

Behavioral customer groups
The Wines from Eaglevale tend to have a fluctuating customer market with those that are product loyal, which is a great benefit. Also those which are one time or occasional users, which to a degree is also good as it proves that people are willing to try a new product. The usage rate and readiness of the wines is also pretty good at this stage as it is continually improving every year despite the competitiveness of the market. The overall attitude towards the product is very good, as reviews from various local wineries, as well as international wholesalers is overwhelming.
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MBA Essay Writing

2009-07-25T00:44:00.000-07:00

Writing MBA essays in Business schools and colleges is a very popular academic activity which takes from students a lot of time. You should have splendid writing skills and capabilities to write a good MBA essay. Actually, if you want to prepare an effective MBA paper you should know how to do it more effectively. But where to find useful tips and guidelines on how to write good MBA essays online? Are there any resources and websites which could help write a great MBA essay? Certainly, there are thousands of sites and tutorials about MBA essay writing, also, there are hundreds of free databases which provide students with sample MBA essays and MBA essay examples on different Business and Management topics. These MBA essays which can be found for free can help you prepare a decent MBA essay outline, introduction, title, body, thesis statement and conclusion. But you have to remember that all such MBA papers are 100% plagiarized and cannot be used as your own MBA research - all them can be easily traced by plagiarism detection tools.

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Ethics Dissertation

2009-07-24T21:04:00.000-07:00

Ethics are the standards of right and wrong. They are the standards and values which influence our conduct and behavior. Ethics are sometimes called morals and the study of ethics is sometimes called moral philosophy. In the history of ethics there are three principal standards of conduct. These standards are happiness or pleasure; duty, virtue, or obligation; and perfection which is the most complete development of human potential. All people who have attempted to determine ethics have based their decision according to two chief principles. The first is that they think of something as right and the second is that the rest of society thinks of something as right. Therefore there is no real definition of what good ethics are; instead it is a personal choice. Your idea of good ethics may be entirely different from someone else’s idea of good ethics. Ethics are an individual’s personal value system and without them our society would be in chaos. (158)

The coming of Christianity marked a huge change in ethics, because it introduced a religious idea of what is good into our thoughts. In the view of a true Christian a person is completely dependent on God and cannot achieve righteousness through intelligence but only with the help of God. The main Christian ethical belief is “So whatever you wish that men would do to you, do so to them” - Matthew 7:12.

Work ethics is the desire to produce quality work and to give your best effort at everything that you do. Some qualities which determine good work ethics are integrity, reliability, perseverance, and the desire to succeed. Procrastination means putting off doing something because of habitual carelessness and laziness. Procrastination is one of the biggest signs of poor work ethics.

Good work ethics can be achieved by arriving on time and giving advance notice of absence if necessary, displaying loyalty, honesty, trustworthiness, dependability, reliability, initiative, self-discipline, and self-responsibility, respecting the rights of others; being a team worker and being cooperative, having appropriate clothing, grooming, hygiene and etiquette, demonstrating a positive attitude, being productive, having skills in personal management, time management, prioritizing, flexibility, stress management and the ability to deal with change, having appropriate verbal and nonverbal
skills, having leadership skills while maintaining appropriate relationships with supervisors and peers, and dealing appropriately with diversity and treating everyone with respect.

Work ethics affect every aspect of our lives whether we realize it or not. Work ethics or lack there of are the driving force for everything we do or don’t do. Most people who have achieved success have achieved it through good work ethics. A perfect example of this would be multi-billionaire Bill Gates. Bill Gates started out building computers out of his garage. His financial status was no different then that of the average working class American. However Bill Gates triumphed over adversity and rose to be the richest man in the world. He wasn’t born into his 40 billion dollars; he had to work for every penny of it. He showed incredibly good work ethics because he started his computer business very young and quickly shaped it into what it is now. Similarly most people aren’t born into an incredibly wealthy family but instead they have to work to build a life. In order to build a good life and have a secure future good work ethics are required. You can tell that you have good work ethics when you are working hard and achieving the goals that you have set for yourself. Conversely if you tend to procrastinate or if you lack productivity then it is apparent that you do not have good work ethics and you are not motivated.
Study ethics are similar to work ethics except they deal mainly with academics rather then all types of work. Study ethics are based on the same principles as work ethics such as attendance, attitude, productivity, organizational skills, cooperation, and respect. An example of good study ethics is not waiting until the last second to do your assignments, or doing your homework every night and showing up on time for class every day. Study ethics are being aware of what you have to do and then doing it rather than waiting and procrastinating.

From a students point of view study ethics are very important to succeed in school. Without study ethics a student cannot develop the skills he or she needs to eventually become a productive member of our society. Study ethics and work ethics go hand in hand for a student. If the student has poor work ethics then it likely that they lack study ethics as well. Benefits of good work and study ethics are success in any academic facility as well as success in attaining and maintaining employment. On the contrary consequences of having poor work and study ethics are being unable to keep a steady job and struggling through school.

In the words of Vigil an early Roman poet “Persistent work triumphed” meaning, constant labor leads to your ultimate success and unless you have work ethic all of your dreams will remain nothing but dreams. However if you work hard and keep trying then one day your dreams will become your reality and you will achieve the success you have worked for. Similar to the quote by Virgil, Euripides once said “Great effort equals great results” – Euripides. This quote means the more effort you put into a task the better the results are. So if you have good work ethics then you will put forward a consistently good effort and will achieve good results.

It can be said that idle hands are dangerous hands. This is evident in the quote “Work is the grand cure of all of the maladies and miseries that ever beset mankind” – Thomas Carlyle. This quote means that if everyone in the world would do their fair share of work then the world would be a much better place and mankind as a species would be flourishing instead of killing each other in acts of greed and hatred. Similarly Albert Einstein said “Everything that is really great and inspiring is created by the individual who can labour in freedom.” – Albert Einstein. This quote means that if we can learn to work without being forced to do so then we will yield good results. It can also be said that “The secret of happiness is not in doing what one likes, but in liking what one has to do.” - James M. Barrie. This means that true happiness doesn’t come from getting your way all the time and doing whatever you want to do. Instead it comes from enjoying the work that you have to do, because you will get satisfaction from a job well done. If you only do what you want to do then it will eventually catch up with because you will have neglected to do the essentials.

It has been said that "Work banishes those three great evils boredom, vice and poverty." – Voltaire. This quote reiterates the point made earlier that idle hands can be dangerous hands. If you keep yourself busy with constructive activities then you will be conquering boredom because you will be busy doing something, vice because your mind will be focused on work rather than practicing evil, and poverty because you will be compensated for the work that you’re doing.

We should always try and practice good work and study ethics because the work that we do is a reflection of ourselves. This point is demonstrated in the quote “Every man's work, whether it be literature, or music or pictures or architecture or anything else, is always a portrait of himself.” - Samuel Butler. This quote shows us that in order to put forward a good image of ourselves we must give our best effort at everything that we do. In order to put forth a good image of ourselves we must put forward our best effort in everything we do. As Thomas Edison once said “Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration.” - Thomas Edison. This quote means that the only way to achieve greatness is through a great deal of work because inspiration means nothing if you don’t have the work ethic to follow through with your plans. Personally I have many philosophies on both work and study ethics. Study ethics has helped to achieve what I consider academic success this semester. Last semester however was a different story. I was too easily distracted and therefore couldn’t concentrate on my school work. When exam time came I really had to buckle down and go through countless hours of studying so that I could keep my average high enough. If I had better work and study ethics last semester then I would have made the principals list rather then the honors roll. In my opinion without good work and study ethics you cannot achieve anything. People may argue that athletes do not need good study ethics and they are successful, but this would not be entirely true because most athletes are drafted out of university and in order to get into university you must have good study ethics. Athletes also have good work ethics because it takes a tremendous amount of discipline to stay in good physical shape.

In conclusion work ethics and study ethics are essential to humans. Without ethics there would be chaos and everyone would be doing what they want to do. In other words there would be total anarchy without ethics. In order to maintain order in our lives and function as a society we have to fulfill our commitments as decent human beings and make positive contributions as individuals. In closing “Commitments are only as strong as the will to fulfill them” – Pierre Trudeau
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