Videogame Violence Essay

Despite all of the controversy, videogames do not cause violent behavior in mature players. Many studies have proven that videogames do not directly cause violent behavior. For many years not, psychologists have been studying how videogame violence affects kids. Leave the Pong to Grandma. Research has shown that videogames affect kids more than adults. These violent videogames are not aimed towards kids. The developers of these games make them for mature minded adults. ESRB ratings are used to prevent kids from purchasing mature rated games. If a game is rated mature, a customer must be at least seventeen years of age. Many games like Max Payne, Counter-Strike, and the ever popular game Grand Theft Auto are some of the most violent games on the market right now. List Targets Violent Games. These games may be violent, but they do not teach violence. In all of these games, a player uses weapons of mass destruction, but none of these games teach a player to accurately fire a high caliber sniper rifle. Video games are not bad for mature players, but shouldn’t be played by children.

The ESRB rating system is now required for every game to hit the shelves. The ESRB rating system helps consumers purchase a game for a specific age group. ESRB-FAQ. The rating may be placed to aim for mature players, but it is the parents’ responsibility to judge what game is appropriate for the child. Leave the Pong to Grandma. The staff that rates the games is not a permanent staff. People sign up to rate a set of games then return to their normal jobs. ESRB-FAQ. “The individual reviewers of games are not revealed to the developer.” ESRB-FAQ. Much is done to accurately rate each individual game based on game play and the game material. Each individual game package reveals the contents such as drug use, violence, sexual themes, etc. So if the parents do not approve of violence, they know which games to avoid, and which to buy. When ESRB first started, they were an optional rating for game developers to have. Now, it is required by law. ESRB-FAQ. The government clearly supports the use of the ESRB rating system and does everything possible to keep violent games out of the reach of young kids.

Some games, more than others, receive more media attention due to excessive gore, use of drugs, violence, or in Max Payne’s case, all three. Max Payne received a lot of controversy when it was first released. Max Payne is a very popular game and has been released for Microsoft’s Xbox, Sony’s Playstation 2, and the PC. The developer of Max Payne is Rockstar, who is constantly under suspension for releasing violent videogames and affected the minds of young kids. “Max Payne’s game engine is like no other”. Playing with Firearms. Max Payne uses a system called Bullet-Time. Bullet-Time slows down the game play to enable the player to make the character have faster reflexes. While in Bullet-Time, players can see the bullets actually impact the enemy. Bullet-Time enhances the gore level immensely. Bullet-Time is what is accused of being the game’s magnet to media. The storyline consists of a cop that has been framed for killing his ex-partner. He then comes home to his wife and child brutally murdered. He then goes on a quest to find his family’s killer and the person who framed him. Playing with Firearms. Not only is the storyline interesting, but also everything is done to make the game look real. Rockstar used an incredible graphics engine on the game. They used software that enabled the developers to take digital photographs and use them for textures in the game. So while walking around in the game, the wallpaper, ceiling fans, etc, seems more real. Although the storyline is violent and the graphics are realistic, it does not realistically teach kids to kill people. It does not show where to get guns or how to dive in slow motion. The game is unrealistic and as long as the players know that, children will not believe that they can do these things and will not act violently due to this game. Max Payne is appropriate for any mature action fan.

The popular game Counter-Strike is a mod to the 1998 PC Gaming Magazine game of the year. A mod is a patch of gaming code that gets latched on to a full version game. The game was the first of its kind. The health system is the closet to real life ever made. Playing with Firearms. Although you are supposed to kill enemies, you are punished for killing friendlies. The game consists of two teams, the Terrorists and the Counter-Terrorists. Playing with Firearms. There are separate objectives for each team on all the maps. “Terrorists are encouraged to set bombs, or kill hostages”. Playing with Firearms. The Terrorists may be encouraged to place bombs and kill the hostages, but the Counter-Terrorists are required to save the hostages and stop bombs from blowing up. Many aspects of the game mod are considered realistic, but the most realistic aspect of the game is the guns. Many of the weapons are actually used by SWAT and the Navy SEALS. There are also very popular Terrorists weapons such as the AK-47 and the Desert Eagle. Some examples of Counter-Terrorists weapons are MP5 and the Berretta. Although you can purchase the weapons in the game, you are not instructed how to properly and accurately fire any of them. Media is too fast to blame this game for violent behavior, it only promotes real life action and strategy.

Grand Theft Auto is one of the most controversial games ever made. The city is a real virtual acting city. Violence yields to pacman. Everything that is in real life, exists in the city. Some of these objects are like schools, traffic lights, cops, walking pedestrians, trains, etc. Every single object can be interacted with. “Health can easily be replenished by simply picking up a prostitute and drive into an alley way”. Violence yields to pacman. This is a foolish part of the game that no one takes seriously, health is easier to gain by going to the hospital. There are no sexual animations shown, the car is the only thing that shakes. Killing cops is an inevitable part of the game. Violence yields to pacman. The majority of cop killing is done accidentally by running them down over with a car. Although it is possible to run into the cop station and start shooting, it is suicidal. Breaking any law results in a penalty, the more laws that are broken, the more the cops come after the player. Killing cops is part of the game, but is not done freely without punishment. Every player realizes the seriousness of committing these crimes and would not take it seriously.

Games like Max Payne, Counter-Strike, and Grand Theft Auto are extremely violent and are not meant to be played by all audiences. Each game carries a rating for a purpose. That purpose is to advise the consumer about the product they are considering to purchase. Many studies have proven that violent videogames affect the behavior of young people, but studies have also shown that violent videogames do not affect the behavior of mature players. The clear solution is to try to prevent kids from getting these games.

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e-Marketing Research Paper

Abstract
The advent of the Internet has opened a vast new frontier to marketers. The pharmaceutical industry is in its’ infancy in this area. The market audience that they must deliver to is difficult to segment. Specific physicians that treat a specific diagnosis are hard to reach. The same may be said for the patients this industry may try to market their product to. The industry has so far, focused its’ attention on a marketing mix of traditional marketing ideas such as printed materials, educational materials, and the traditional sales force. Combining the traditional methods with online information they have discovered a successful pattern. This industry has found that market positioning to be highly important as patents expires and the market is flooded with generic products.

e-Marketing Strategies Becoming More Effective in the Pharmaceutical Industry
The technology that is available today has changed the marketing strategies for most businesses. The traditional marketing methods such as of print, television, and direct mailings are being complemented with the use of e-marketing strategies. E-marketing in the healthcare arena is an information providing service. The pharmaceutical industry is currently developing ideas and strategies on how to use the Internet for marketing purposes. The following paper will discuss current and future ideas, problems, and needs of this industry’s use of the Internet as a marketing tool. William (Bill) Hokanson, Senior Sales Manager for Novartis Pharmaceutical provided a great deal of information during an interview on October 24, 2003. Mr. Hokanson deals primarily with the Oncology division of Novartis Pharmaceutical and manages a Midwest sales force of twelve sales representatives covering four states.

Traditional and e-Marketing Strategies
Today, the use of the Internet as a marketing tool is in its’ infancy for the pharmaceutical industry. Rebak (2002) states, “Since early 1996 when Claritin.com first appeared on the scene, hundred of pharmaceutical e-marketing initiatives have been launched.” Although there has been considerable change in these initiatives, there has been far too many that have not. Hokanson mentions that most oncology companies continue to consider e-marketing as part of any new product that they launch. However, e-marketing continues to be a small supplement to the traditional methods of utilizing the sales force, MD speakers, conventions, and journal advertisements to name a few. One of the reasons e-marketing is only a small part of new product launches may be the target audience. Rebak (2003) continues to state that as the web becomes less “new” the pharmaceutical industry marketer must learn how to integrate this new method into the marketing mix.

One of the most important rules of marketing is to know your target audience. The introduction of a new drug into the market causes this target audience to become very specific or segmented. Market segmentation and positioning are critical activities in product design and are crucial to ensure that product features match the requirements of the target customers (www.betterproductdesign.net). One challenge the pharmaceutical companies face with e-marketing continues to be targeting or accessing the correct physician. Hokanson speaks specifically of e-marketing to Oncologists when mentioning that advertising can be accomplished on a medical website. The question that must be answered then is, how do you determine that this particular web site is visited by the to Oncologists that you are attempting to reach? Direct market is just as perplexing as the web site advertising. If a company desires to email the physicians directly, how do you obtain their address and if you discover their address how do you determine that they will review the information?

This is where traditional marketing strategies are employed. Today most pharmaceutical companies will make available detailed information, including results of clinical trials, over the Internet. The traditional sales person will visit the specific physician; discuss the drug and deliver enough literature to create curiosity. This information will almost always contain the phrase “Additional information may be found at www.wherever.com.” Once the physician visits the web site the company may be able to gather additional information from the physician for future e-marketing use.

Another method the pharmaceutical companies use to improve success of e-marketing is including “value ads” into their online messages or advertisements. An example of a value adds would be placing a statement in their advertisement such as “Click here if you want samples of XXXXX to be delivered to you office”. The theory behind this method is if the physician makes the request, they are obviously interested in your product. The marketer then has the opportunity to gather helpful information about the particular physician at that time. The additional benefit to this method is it provides the sales representative a means to visit the physician in order to personally discuss the product in greater detail while delivering the sample drug. According to Mr. Hokanson, e-marketing by utilizing value ads such a samples or educational materials is quite successful.

Product Branding
According to Mr. Hokanson, market research indicates the “branding” of a product is improved if the physician sees a combination of pharmaceutical representatives personally detailing a product and the use of additional advertising methods such as printed materials or electronic advertisements. He points out that this market research demonstrates that if a physician observes an electronic advertisement that promotes a specific drug but the physician never discussed this drug with the sales representative, the impact of the electronic advertisement is likely to be minimal. However, if the physician discussed this drug with the sales person and sees the electronic advertisement, the recall of the drug’s attributes increases substantially.

As consumers become more familiar with information technology, they become more curious to explore or hunt for information. The Pharmaceutical industry currently provides web sites that concentrate on their products. The consumer is constantly confronted with traditional marketing that always provides them with an Internet address. They may also simply place the name of a particular drug in any search engine to locate the web site. The Internet is unique in that it can deliver on more than one objective.

The pharmaceutical industry has recognized several trends by consumers from their e-marketing attempts. Mr. Hokanson mentions that patients, like physicians, respond better to a marketing mix of traditional and e-marketing stimulations. Rebak (2003) mentions that market research has determined that the web sites provide the patient with enough information that when they see their physician they will ask them to prescribe a specific drug. Another benefit seen is that these sites can also increase the likelihood of patient compliance and persistency. This results in more sales generating added revenue. The industry is beginning to understand how the Internet can cost effectively influence, affect and change consumer behavior at different point in the healthcare decision making process.

Market Positioning
Market positioning is very important in the pharmaceutical industry. The purpose of positioning is to allow the product to be thought of, as having no substitute even is one exists, so that the brand name sticks to the physician or patient. An example of successful positioning would be brand names such as Coca Cola, McDonalds, and Kodak. Although substitutes exist for all of these products, the consumer overwhelmingly prefers them to all others. This concept is very important in the pharmaceutical industry as patents expire and a host of generic products are introduced into the market. Tylenol is would be brand name in the pharmaceutical area that has achieved successful position. The product sales have remained fairly constant even while generic acetaminophen products are available.

Conclusion
It is obvious that e-marketing is new to the pharmaceutical industry. New strategies must be developed in order to communicate the message to the target market. As new technologies become available to this industry it is important that senior management must be convinced of the importance of testing e-marketing initiatives. The limited success this industry has had in this area may cause many at that level to second guess whether or not to invest financial resources. If senior management buys into the idea and market research assists with relative results, then the result could be that financial issues will be resolved.
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Business Etiquette Essay

The Importance of Etiquette has always been an important part of life, be it social or business. However, it seems that business etiquette is has become more important in the last decade. This is mainly due to the fact that the business world is becoming more global and that “relationship selling” has become must for success. Etiquette is important for a variety of reasons. It helps to ease what might become and uneasy situation and can make or break business relationships that are worth millions of dollars. In essence, etiquette helps people to understand what is appropriate in any situation. It is also important to know the difference between business protocol and business etiquette. Business protocol determines what actions you take in a situation. Etiquette tells you how to take those actions. According to Ann Marie Sabath, there are a few guidelines that professionals should follow. Firstly, be proactive. Find ways to establish relationships with clients before they need to purchase something from you. Secondly, send a thank-you note. If someone is willing to give you 15 minutes of their time than they deserve a written thank-you. And thirdly, be a good sport. Even if you have been turned down by a client, thank them for giving consideration to your company (Bass, 2000). The Effects of Social Etiquette on the Business World The business world of the past encompasses a predominantly male environment with innate, discerned guidelines. Today, the business arena has changed with the civil rights movement and the entry of women into the workplace. The changes continue to evolve with other sociocultural issues. In order to be successful in the business world a masterization of business etiquette is imperative. There is a sizeable difference between social etiquette and business etiquette. Social etiquette is primarily based on chivalry, which includes the concept of protecting women. Business etiquette, on the other hand, includes military origins based on hierarchy of power. This effects the behavior in the business world in as much as men and women are treated equally as peers. For example, if one should hold the door open for a woman, he/she should open a door for a man in the same situation. Regardless of gender doors are held open for superiors, clients, peers following close on one heels and anyone with inaccessible hands. For a situation, that embodies a revolving door one should precede first, in order to keep the door moving then wait on the other side. Basically the new Golden Rule should be applied in all situations; treat others, as they themselves would like to be treated. How to Conduct Proper Introductions Few people know how to conduct introductions in a proper fashion, yet they are an important aspect of our daily life. In the social realm, men are introduced to women. In the business realm, the less important person is introduced to the person of greater importance, regardless of either gender. Though a key aspect to remember is that the name of the person being introduced is mentioned last, and the person to whom the introduction is made is mentioned first. It is also critical to remember that the client is the biggest priority, even if he/she holds a lesser title. In the business world the handshake is the accepted physical greeting which accompanies the introduction. With the entrance of women into the business world came kissing. This has caused confusion in male-female business etiquette, therefore, men and women should be treated equally by using the handshake. In order to shake hands properly the thumbs are up and the webs touch before wrapping the fingers around the other person’s hand. Although, in social etiquette the woman is to extend her hand first. In the business arena it is of no concern. Nametag placement is also important so that it becomes easy to read while shaking hands. The nametag is to be placed high on the right shoulder, so that when shaking hands, the eye follows the arm line to the other person’s right side. Effective Telephone Communication is a Must Effective telephone communication is a must in the business world. At home, “hello” is a proper greeting when receiving a phone call. However, in the business world the word hello would not be appropriate. When answering a business call it is appropriate to identify yourself and the company or corporation you work for. For example, “Good afternoon, Deskjet International, John Doe speaking.” One of the most crucial mistakes made while answering the phone is to ask, “Who is calling?” This alerts the caller that calls are being screened and in a rude way. If calls must be screened, “He/she has just stepped out may I get your name and number?” would be more courteous. The best way to avoid someone asking you “Who is calling?” is to state your name. “This is John Doe with Deskjet Inc.” Another important rule to follow during phone conversation is to keep your call short and to the point. When you call someone at work it is keeping him or her from doing their job. A Thank-You Letter: Your Last Impression Writing thank-you letters to your customers or associates is another aspect of proper business etiquette. The key in writing thank-you letters is similar to making phone calls. When writing thank-you letters do not waste the person’s time by using wordy phrases that are not needed. Be precise and sincere in your gratitude. For example, “Thank you for your help with our fund raiser it was greatly appreciated.” By using specific references you avoid rambling and wasting the person’s time. Common Courtesy in the Workplace While working in the office it is important to use proper business etiquette. The main complaint by secretaries is that their boss ignores them until the boss requests something. This leaves the secretary feeling unappreciated and belittled. A boss should acknowledge people as soon as he/she walks in the office. Common courtesy and personal manners can go a long way in making people feel appreciated. Proper Dining Etiquette for the Business World In a world that is fast paced, it seems business luncheons have become a mainstay in conducting business. In transacting with a client, the lunch is still a meeting. One that requires planning, taking care of details, and making sure the lunch is as pleasant as can be, which includes showing proper etiquette and manners. Though it may seem that our eating habits and table manners would go unnoticed in an every day eating environment, the business luncheon pays close attention to the details. One shows great poise in the office, in the planning meeting, and when giving a presentation and therefore, the poise should be extended at the business luncheon. When a professional conducts a business luncheon, they should extend an invitation to the client. Inquire about any food preferences and about any particular restaurants they may prefer. You do not want to make any assumptions as to what the client or customer may prefer. It is seen as thoughtful and courteous when giving your guest the choice to make any recommendations. If your guest has no preferences, have a few names of conveniently located restaurants. It may be best to have been to these restaurants before suggesting them because you do not want to seem unfamiliar with the ambiance. This way you can suggest several of the menu items and the maitre d’ will probably recognize you. After you have inquired about the preferences, the next thing to do is make the reservations. When making the reservations, put them in your name, inform the reservation person that it is a business lunch and request a quiet table (one that is not near the kitchen, washroom, or cash register). Now on the day of the lunch, arrive on time and wait for your client in the foyer and greet them there, not at the bar or table. If you are going to be late, out of simple courtesy call the restaurant ahead of time and let them know you will be late. Every table in a restaurant has a power seat. This power seat faces the audience and lets you or your client fully see everyone seated at the table. It is customary to give this seat to the client because the power seat faces the audience. The power seat comes from a military lore, in which the general would never sit with his back to the door or to the main body of the room. When ordering, it is a good idea to order something you are familiar with and not to order something that is heavily spiced, too exotic, or food that is too messy. Another thing to be aware of is how many drinks to order. It may be customary in a social setting to have a few drinks during your meal, but at a business lunch you should keep the drink to one. Because, after all, it is a business lunch and you want to sell the client on what you have to offer not on how many drink you can down. During the course of the meal it is fine to dispense with the pleasantries in the opening but after that keep the conversation involving around the business at hand. Conduct your self in a business manner as if you were in the boardroom and were trying to sell your client on your idea. Because if you continue to talk socially, it distracts form the real reason you and your client have met for lunch. But do not let the time for lunch keep on going and linger on and on. You, as well as your client, may have to be somewhere after lunch and can not be late, so it is better to keep and eye on the time and not let things get carried away. Be respectful of ht time and when you feel you have reached the peak point in the meeting and/or it seems and end has come tot he conversation and you might be drifting into some other conversation, it is time to subtly end the meal and pay the bill. When you have finished your meal, it is appropriate to place your cutlery on your plate in a click position of ten to four. The knife is place with the sharp edge toward you and the fork goes to the left of it. Now come the time for paying the bill. A polished host never lets the bill come to the table. The host has already made arrangements for paying the bill ahead of time, and if the host comes to this restaurant a lost, there may already be an account set up. One of the ways to ensure that the bill never comes tot the table, when you arrive give the maitre d’ your credit card to make a print of and then at some point towards the end of the meal, excuse yourself and go sign the receipt. This is a good idea for both men and women so there does not seem to be any awkwardness in who should be paying for the lunch when the bill arrives. So when it is time to leave and your client asks about the bill, you can simply reply, “It’s been taken care of.” Netiquette and the Business World Netiquette is the code of etiquette for communicating by computer on the Internet. In today’s business world, being familiar with the rules of conduct will provide guidelines for keeping the relationship between consumers and businesses a happy one. In 1997 alone, there were 6.7 trillion e-mail messages exchanges on the Internet. Communicating by the Internet is no different from writing on your company letterhead. Just because e-mail is more immediate, doesn’t mean it should be less personable. A business should keep in mind that a degree of formality is required. Computer networks bring people together who would otherwise never meet. But the impersonality of the Internet changes the meeting to something less personal. According to Media Matrix, as recently as 1996, education sites dominated the top 15 list of most visited sites. The top 15 that year included no e-commerce sites. Today, nearly all of the top web-site destinations offer content, communications, community, and commerce. The growing of e-commerce should cause all businesses to make sure that their etiquette is in line with rules of netiquette. The basic rule of netiquette is to show consideration for the other party, to remember they are human. When communicating electronically, all you see is a computer screen. You don’t have the opportunity to use facial expressions, gestures, and the tone of your voice to communicate your meaning: words are all that you have. It is easy to forget your correspondent’s meaning and easy to forget that your correspondent is a person with feelings like your own. There are some basic principles that are known as netiquette. One of the first is to identify yourself. Nobody would ever send a letter or a voicemail without identifying themselves. Yet people sometimes forget to include some personal information about themselves, such as a name, phone number, e-mail address, or memorable quote. It is not good netiquette for your respondent to have to ask if you are male or female, if you are an individual or corporation, or if you just use your initials. Not identifying yourself defeats the whole purpose of time saving that the Internet allows the user to have, since the sender will unlikely get a reply with the information they want the first time. In line with proper netiquette is the use of capital letters. A person should never type in all capital letters. This is considered shouting or screaming online. This should be reserved for words you may want to emphasis or stress. It is physically harder for the human eye to have to read all capital letter messages and simply poor form. Considering that nobody ever wrote a normal letter entirely in capital letters, users should not do this to their e-mail messages either. Also it is important to remember not to format your e-mails by using assorted colors and excessive bolding. Businesses with older e-mail clients may not be able to read your e-mails and some people just don’t appreciate them. One of the biggest ways people neglect the principles of netiquette is in just not paying attention. You should read all outgoing e-mail carefully, checking for errors in both grammar and spelling. It is common courtesy to go back and make a check on your work. Most computer programs have a spell check and it takes only a moment to catch all the little spelling mistakes. If you are trying to impress a prospect or new client, nothing will damage your message more that a message with careless errors. Most people will receive e-mails that you could classify a “rude” in nature. The best advice is to not respond immediately, if at all. People are very bold and overly critical on the other side of the screen. Most of these people tend to point out things they think you need improvement on while not even noticing the good or positive points on the very same issue. It is often best to just hit delete and forget about it, instead of replying. Whenever you send e-mails they are not private and they’re no way to take them back. They pass through a sophisticated network of computers with the possibility of interception at every point. The “rude” message is unacceptable in the online community. In organizing the message of the e-mail, your goal should be to make it as brief as possible without forfeiting any of the meaning of the message. Business messages will usually be longer than personal notes. Keep in mind this a communicating. When replying to an e-mail, you will often be replying to only part of the received message. It saves space to copy the part you are responding too and paste it with your reply than to copy the whole message. Don’t use symbols, such as “smileys” which show if you are happy or sad. These are fine for personal notes but are quite inappropriate for business use. The meanings of your words should be contained within the words themselves, and not need additional explanation with symbols. Most business use unsolicited e-mail or junk e-mail. This is the electronic equivalent of junk postal mail and direct mail selling. In the competing business world, companies use this type of selling to attract new customers. Junk postal mail is considered by many to be annoying and wasteful, but junk e-mail is even more so. With postal mail you can throw the envelope away unread. With e-mail, you have to take the time to read it to find that you didn’t want it. It is therefore time-wasting, inconsiderate, and very bad netiquette. Yet direct mail works for businesses, so they need to keep in mind the basic rule of business netiquette, which is to show consideration for the other person. Businesses should therefore condense solicitations to one or two lines instead of 5 pages. Competition globally is becoming more and more of an issue for companies today. Therefore they have to keep in consideration the international side of netiquette. Its quite appropriate to be friendly, but don’t overdo it. It wastes space and reading time for your reader. They are difficult to read by someone not absolutely fluent in your language. People in many countries find the friendly nature of Americans over-bearing at first, so go easy with the courtesies. Short, plain sentences are easier for someone reading in a language other their own. It is also more appropriate to write in a formal tone. It’s easy and natural to progress from formal to friendly, but it weakens your standing to have to go backwards from friendly to formal. In regard to junk e-mail, it is important to remember to keep it short and remember that privacy is held in a higher regard in other countries compared to the United States. The business community must respect that for all the potential the Internet offers; it is also a personal place. The rules that govern netiquette are an attempt to produce an ongoing, proper relationship with their consumers. The potential that makes the Internet such an attractive place for e-commerce growth carries with it a responsibility. In today’s business world, it is imperative to know the proper etiquette required for different situations. Etiquette allows people to understand what is appropriate behavior in a given situation and then adjust accordingly. We, as business professionals, must change our business etiquette to conform around the change social dynamics of the world. However, there is an important rule to remember. Business etiquette knows no gender, only the hierarchy of your organization and the importance of your clientele. It is this importance place on your clients that imposes the thank-you letter rule. Always write a thank-you letter because it is quite possible the last impression that you make. When “wining and dining” your clients, you must remember one thing: there is no such thing as being too prepared. After all, it is still a business meeting. You should always respect your clients eating habits and never allow the check to come to the table. The Internet has become an integral part of our daily lives. It is very easy to slip into “casual speak” when dealing with business e-mails. However, business professionals should keep in mind that they are dealing with other businesses and the same formality use when face-to-face should be used for writing and sending business e-mails. It may also be a good idea to take a few tips from the pros…literally. There are several services that provided by etiquette consultants. Many of these services can be found online or in your nearest bookstore. Knowledge it the most important aspect of good business etiquette.

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Tourism Dissertation

Tourism can be defined as the temporary movement of people outside their normal place of work and residence, together with the activities undertaken during their stay at those destinations and the facilities created to cater for visiting tourists,

Tourism is distinguishable from travel undertaken in the past by its mass character, and is now not a luxury only for the upper classes.

Tourism is a luxury, with most people in the developed world and increasing numbers of people living in developing countries engaging in tourism at some time in their lives. Tourism is accepted and accustomed, and has become a good indicator of economic status and is considered necessary for good health and personal being.

Defining Tourism
Tourism is a productive activity that encompasses human behavior, use of resources, and interaction with other people, economies and environments. It involves physical movement of tourists to locations other than their normal place of living. It involves consumption of goods and services provided by organizations in the process, and generate a mass productive activity, employment and income.

Tourism is a highly complex productive activity. It involves the activities and interests not only of large transport undertakings, owners of tourist sites and attractions, and of various tourist services at the destination but also of all levels of government. Each of these serves the resident population and visitors. For countries delivering the tourist product it makes a significant contribution to GDP, employment, investment and FOREX earnings. It is a major catalyst for economic growth and structural change. It also diversifies employment prospects.

Tourism is dependant on a large number of economic activities supplying inputs to the industries that directly cater for tourists and producing consumer durables used for tourist activity.

Characteristics of tourism are:
- Constantly operating industry, seasonal fluctuations
- Labor-intensive industry
- Lack of barriers to entry
- Small business predominates
- Important medium for educational and cultural exchange
- Sheer numbers
- Growing levels of consumer expenditure
- A few producers dominate
- New tourist attractions are regularly opening
- Mass tourists products have little differentiation.
- The impacts of tourism are broad ranging (economic, social, environmental)

Two forms of tourism:
- International Tourism
Travel to country outside residence
- Domestic Tourism
Travel within tourist country.

Spatial Pattern
Travel and tourism is the world largest industry. Western Europe and North America dominate global tourist flows. Total world tourism grew throughout the 1980s and 1990s at around 4% per annum. The range of destinations now encompasses virtually all countries in the developed world and many of those in the developing world. There has been spectacular growth in the Asia-Pacific region. Countries which are good destinations have sufficient environmental safeguards and a trained workforce.

Tourism has developed in many contexts. Modern mass tourism has origins in affluence of industrialized countries of West Europe, North America, and Japan. Tourism has also expanded significantly in East Europe, Asia, Africa and the Caribbean. It has developed in liberal and western societies and in a variety of physical environments.

Tourism has also developed in a wide variety of physical environments, with many different environments within a country becoming favorable tourist destinations. These environments may include:
- Islands
- Alpine
- Coasts
- Countryside

Factors affecting tourism
The tourism industry is multi faceted. Many components of tourism are inextricably bound to other economic sectors, and other forms of accommodation to commercial development. The spatial interaction that arises out of the tourist’s movement from origin to destination and factors affecting it lend themselves to analysis.

1. The biophysical and built environment
- A countries biophysical environment, cultural heritage and artistic life represent integral components of its tourist industry. Various types of tourism have differing requirements for favorable development and some countries will be more favorable for development than others.
- The industry is ultimately located according to the spatial distribution of attractions and access to them, which is largely determined by environmental factors. The tourist destination must offer tings the tourist seeks and needs.
- Tourist behavior patterns are influenced by environment conditions, and they may place constraints on types of developments. Natural characteristics are highly desirable and should complement infrastructure and attractions.
- Climate is a special consideration, and favorable weather conditions are essential. For each tourist activity there is an optimal climate, and climate often determines the length and profitability of the holiday season at a resort.

2. Technological change
- One of the most important variables affecting tourism is technological change. In the twentieth century, transport technology allowed the spread of mass tourism to a widespread array of destinations, which were previously not reachable by rail or ship.
- Manufacturers are constantly developing the capabilities of vehicles. Such developments influence places which can be reached, in terms of social and cost constraints.
- The development of wide-bodied long haul jets i.e. Boeing 747 was a major impetus to the growth of tourism.

3. Socio-cultural Influences
- Participation in tourism is affected by a number of demographic and social factors, such as age distribution, family life cycle, level of education, occupation structure, and population concentration. Demographic and social changes should profoundly affect the propensity of populations to indulge in tourism in the future.
- Increased life expectancy and changing workforce composition is also important. Increasing participation rates of women have provided a boost to tourism, because two income families have higher discretionary income. There is also a growing number of DINK’s who frequently travel.

4. Economic factors
- Tourism is among the strongest performing sectors of the global economy. Tourism is a major source of employment with the provision of accommodation, catering, transport, entertainment and other service industries important. There is also an enormous amount of productive activity generated indirectly by tourism. It is an important instrument for facilitating economic growth because of its wide multiplier effects.
- Tourism is Australia contributes 17.3Bn in export earnings to the Australian economy.
- Changing economic circumstances largely determine the magnitude of the tourist industry. With higher levels of development, the employment structure changes, and a more affluent society creates a demand for tourists products.

5. Cultural influences
- Features of historical or cultural interest exert a powerful attraction for tourists. Three major forms of culture attract visitors:
- Forms of culture that are inanimate such as monuments
- Forms of culture reflected in the normal daily lives of a destination
- Forms of culture at are especially animated and may involve events such as festivals.
- Tourism is often accompanied by cultural exchanges and cultural enrichment. These contacts can have harmful effects where native cultures and traditional ways of life are weakened or destroyed.

6. Political influences
- Governments at all levels and of all persuasions have recognized that while tourism is basically private sector, its impact requires government involvement.
- Government profoundly affects the economic climate in which tourism operates. The government’s principal role is to foster the development of the industry that can best prosper consistent with broad economic, social and environmental objectives.

The relationship between production and consumption
Tourism as a productive activity consists of three major components: the country of origin of tourists; destinations; and routes travelled between locations.

1. Tourism generating areas
Represent homes of tourists. These areas represent the main tourist markets in the world and major marketing functions of tourism are found here.

2. Tourism destination areas
Attract tourists by offering what isn’t available at home.

Transit routes link these two areas of productive activity and are key elements. They are the main transport component of productive activity.

As tourists travel they acquire an experience made up of many different parts. These activities are extremely interdependent.

The changing nature of the production process
The growth of tourism throughout the twentieth century was closely associated with rising living standards in the developed world. In the first half of the twentieth century the opportunity to travel remained largely the privilege of the wealthier people in society, but periods of rapid growth following WW2 enabled more people to travel. The car and aircraft became the main mode of transport.

A number of important changes are associated with the development on the industry:
- Internationalization of tourism
Tourism has become globalised. The global transportation infrastructure is rapidly becoming an interconnected pathway all over the world. The level of globalization has increased as more countries participate in international travel.
- Organizational developments
The organization of tourism comes from two sources: the government and private sectors.

Recognizing the contribution tourism makes towards a countries economic and social well being nearly all governments have organizations to promote tourism. The extents of their responsibilities vary.

The opportunities which exist in tourism give rise to a mix of large and small scale operations catering for all the tourist needs from origin to destination. As with other productive activities there has been a significant growth of corporate involvement in tourism. Much of the growth in large tourism companies arises from the very competitive nature of many tourist markets and destinations and a drive for greater market share and economies of scale.

Social Impacts of tourism
Tourism is driven by individual consumer decisions.

Package Tours
The package tour is sold for an all inclusive price, and this is usually cheaper bringing holidays in reach of a much larger section of the market. Consumers have a wise variety of choice. Contiki tours are a good example of a company catering for 18-35 year olds world wide. Contiki has an arrangement with Cathay Pacific.

Small group tours
Small group tours are a popular alternative. They utilize local resources and services wherever possible.

Individual travel
Many tourists are actively planning their own travel experience. They prefer to individualize their own itinerary rather than be locked into a group tour. Experienced travelers are seeking to fulfil specific desires. This reflects the desire of travelers for new and different experiences. More specialized demands has seen tourism as a productive activity respond.

Economic impacts of tourism
Increasing the scale of production
The profit motive has encouraged development of large scale operations and an increase in the size of the companies involved. Increasing scale is especially evident in the accommodation sector. The scale of operations in the hotel sector continues to expand. While large hotel chains can exploit economies of scale, the small independents can compete on the basis of cost, and personalized service.

Horizontal and vertical integration
Growth in the scale of production and increases in the concentration of ownership and control have generally come about through horizontal and vertical integration. A business may expand or develop by itself or seek to combine with other businesses.

Transnational operations
Integration in tourism has continued to point where operations become multinational or transnational in nature. The pattern of multinational development varies. Clearly a global marketplace provides greater market potential and opportunities to secure a competitive advantage. Companies wishing to diversify their portfolio will expand activities overseas.

Technological impacts of tourism
Tourism receives substantial research funds to facilitate the development of new technology. They change every area of this productive activity.

Consumer choice
Tourist motivation and decision making are increasingly shaped by changing technology. The Internet has allowed a wealth of information to become available to tourists. Hotel facilities, reservations, and attractions to name a few.

Transport Technologies
Aircraft
Future developments in aircraft will favor larger capacity aircraft, but still subsonic speed. The amount of power to propel aero-planes increases with speed. Therefore new aircraft are unlikely to travel any faster than existing, but they will have a greater range and more seating reducing the costs of travel.

Land Transport
Transport is now faster and more competitive over long trips. This has come hand in hand with infrastructure development.

Sea Transport
The cruise industry is growing particularly fast. The world’s cruise fleet has doubled in the last decade of the 20th century.

Keeping track of people and possessions
Computerization allows transport operators to work more efficiently, and generates a wealth of data which can be used for planning marketing activities. Global satellite networks have provided powerful new marketing tools. Technology has transformed the distribution process.

Political impacts of tourism
Most governments now actively seek to promote tourism to and within their countries and take steps to coordinate public and private tourism activities and to foster industry growth. Government support has been less forthcoming in some parts of the developed world. In many developing countries tourism is seen as a way of accelerating economic development. Some governments have also encouraged the development of international tourism to further their own political objectives.

The changing political and economic environment
- Collapse of the soviet union and opening up Eastern Europe
- Switch from centralized economies to free market economies in China and India
- Creation of NAFTA

The nature of government involvement
Tourism promotion
Primary contribution of governments is to promote tourism both to and within their country. The most direct means is to establish tourism organizations to influence the path of tourism development. Australia’s ministry of tourism carries out this role, and its goals include:
- Provide government with a clear statement for future development of industry
- Enhance community awareness of economic, environmental and cultural significance of tourism.

Facilitating visitor entry
Ease of access to a country is a key factor in attracting tourists. If visitor entry formalities are complicated tourism will suffer. Some countries now have visa free arrangements with certain countries.

Transport policy
The availability, pricing and ease of transport dictates the flow of tourists both within and between countries. The distribution of transport also influences the level of dispersal of tourists. Governments are generally responsible for the provision of transportation infrastructure and equipment. Many airlines have entered into alliances that enable them to reduce costs and increase passenger load. Governments are under pressure to deregulate international airlines further.

General economic policy
Government policies have direct and indirect implications. For example policies imposes when governments are grappling with high levels of inflation can reduce disposable incomes thereby limiting spending on tourism. Government taxes, chares and levies increase costs to tourists.

Environmental and social impacts of tourism
Two major issues threaten the long term survival of tourism: environmental degradation; and undesirable social impacts, which often accompany the growth of tourism.

Tourism and the environment
Tourist developments tend to be located near attractive or unique features of the biophysical environment. Exploitation for tourism often places a heavy strain on such natural resources. The greatest threat is to those which are most vulnerable to natural and human-induced stress.

Tourism can contribute to:
- A deterioration of air and water supplies
- Destruction of natural landscape
- Damage to vegetation
- Threats to wildlife

The challenge is to develop procedures to assess the potential environmental impacts of tourism related developments. Other mechanisms available to address the impact of tourism are regulations, the establishment and management of national parks, preservation of significant heritage sites, and enactment of legislation that helps conserve our cultural and natural resources.

The link between tourism development and environmental protection is critical for the future success of this productive activity. Uncontrolled development could well destroy attraction to visitors. With adequate planning by government the threat that environmental degradation poses to global tourism can be overcome.

Social impacts of tourism
Social contact between tourists and residents can be mutually beneficial:
1. Resident population can gain a greater understanding of the visitor’s culture as well as demand for traditional activities thereby preserving parts of the national heritage.
2. Tourist patronage brings revenue and maintains these facilities for local use as well. The tourists may go home with a better understanding of the host country and its culture and traditions.

Tourism development may promote mutual misunderstanding, hostility and social tension as residents lifestyles are affected by tourists. This can include prostitution, crime and gambling.

Social policy and provision of community services must become an integral part of tourism planning, by tourist operators and the host government. If this is not done hostility towards visitors may emerge, which could reduce tourist flows and viability.

Future Directions
Tourism is the world largest productive activity. It is embraced by governments as a result of its potential source of income and employment. The future pace and directions of tourisms explosive growth will be determined by:
- Affordability
Propensity to travel will remain closely aligned to prevailing economic conditions.
- Accessibility
As transport technology makes long hauls more affordable, more people will be able to participate in international travel. Destinations chosen will reflect perceived security.
- Accommodation
Tourists will be drawn to destinations which best meets their needs. The tourism industry is attempting to provide travel experiences to meet every budget and situation.
- Attractions
Technology will continue to develop and enhance the tourism experience. Market research will lead operators to promote new tourist products.
- It is likely there will be few barriers to international travel. Tourists will be courted by both the developed and developing countries, for the economic developments.
- Those involved in tourism will have to assume greater responsibility. Both the tourist experience and host population should be considered as does environmental quality.
- A basic strategy in tourism development is to retain and preserve the aspects that set a destination apart. Environmental codes of ethics and development guidelines should be implemented to keep tourism sustainable and viable in the coming century.
- As national boarders open up, the population ages and becomes more affluent, and tourism is promoted increasing numbers of people will travel.
- As a productive activity, tourisms importance within the global economy will continue to grow.

The advantages and disadvantages of tourism
Advantages
- Tourism earns foreign income which can be used to pay for imports
- Unique environments are often protected
- Tourism creates jobs and is labor intensive
- Local produce can be sold to hotels and resorts
- There is foreign investment in airports etc
- Profits can be used to improve housing, schools etc
- Local customs and heritage are preserved
- Increased cultural understanding

Disadvantages
- 10-20% of income received stays in the country; most hotels are foreign owned.
- Lack of planning results in facilities being built in the wrong places, spoiling scenic sites
- Much of employment is seasonal and poorly paid
- Agricultural systems break down as land is sold to developers; much food eaten by tourists is imported
- Locals discouraged from using hotel facilities; few can afford
- Borrowed money can increase the countries debt
- Local customs are destroyed through prostitution, crime and drugs.
- Lack of respect for local customs and religious beliefs.

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Oedipus Rex Essay

While from reading Arnott I got the impression that the way Greek theatre was performed was very effective in the past, I would make many changes to the performance if I were the director of the play. The main thing that I did not like was that there were only three actors on the stage, playing all the characters in the play (not including the chorus). I think this is an interesting way to perform a play, but in the present day I do not think that people would appreciate so few actors. People have been spoiled by the abundance of actors and special effects that are in plays, movies, and other forms of entertainment. They expect to see something easily, and not have to use their imagination as much as I think the Greeks had to when they watched plays. I think that the chorus used in the theatre of ancient Greece was a form of special effects, in that they narrated the story with more color than the three actors could portray, by their both singing and speaking the story in different ways. I personally would prefer a more modern form of performance, with more than three actors, and possibly with a different type of chorus.

I think that my play would resemble the most recent version of “Romeo and Juliet”, directed by Baz Luhrman, in that it would be very colorful, and would maintain some of the original forms of the performance mixed with more modern aspects. I thought that this was an excellent idea, and it would show the audience aspects of how Greek theatre was performed while not completely changing what they are used to seeing in these modern times. To me, this manner of performance grabs the attention of the audience more easily, and makes the play somewhat more interesting and exciting for everyone involved. This way, the audience would be able to learn how Greek plays were performed, and get the feel of actually seeing one, while still being entertained by what they are accustomed to. The audience would be forced to actually think about what they are seeing, since they would be distinguishing between two different ways of performing. I think that this would make a more memorable play since it would be so different from what is usually seen.

The scene that I would choose to remake would be when Oedipus has just realized that he has killed his own father, and is explaining this to Iocaste. From page 40 to 45, Oedipus explains to Iocaste why he believes that he is the king’s murderer, and Iocaste tries to comfort him and change his mind. I think this is a good scene because it is powerful and very important as a type of turning point in the story. At this point in the play, many different ideas of being blind are brought together, from the actually blind Teiresias from the previous scene to the figuratively “blind” Oedipus presently beginning to see what he has been so blind to throughout the beginning of the play, to Iocaste’s attempted to, in a way, blind Oedipus from discovering the truth about what he has done and who he really is. This scene offers room for many different ways of portraying the emotions of the characters, especially of Oedipus and Iocaste.

My version of the performance for this particular point in the play would be very different from those of ancient Greece; however, there are certain aspects from the Greek way of performing that I think would keep the original tone of the play intact. For example, I would definitely keep the stage outdoors. I think that this was an excellent way to keep nature in the Greek plays. Although this did present problems, since the actors would have to “enter, small dots in a huge theatre, and secure attention by their own unaided efforts,” (Arnott, 6), I think that keeping the play outside would maintain the feel of ancient Greek plays, even though many other aspects of it would be changed. While one would imagine that the same problem of attracting attention would arise in my play, I think that it would be generally easy to maintain the attention of the audience because they would be expecting some sort of obvious warning that the play is about to begin. However, I would choose to have the play at dusk, with a few lights in case it gets took dark. I chose this time of day because it is relaxing, and would be a good way for people to “wind down” from their busy days. I think at this time it would be slightly easier to secure the attention of the audience for these reasons. One of the main changes I would make to my play would be the number of actors that I would use. I would not maintain the Greek customs in this department. I think that it would be much more effective if there was an actor for each character. However, this does not make much of a difference for this particular scene because there are only three characters in it: Oedipus, Iocaste, and Choragos. For the casting, I would choose characters who, in my mind, look like what I imagined the characters to look like while reading the book. I pictured Oedipus and Choragos to be handsome, large, and strong men. Iocaste would be slightly more difficult to cast, since she would have to look not only like a mother, but also like a woman who can attract a younger Oedipus’ attention. However, I think that this problem could possibly be remedied by some sort of a veil added to the costume of Iocaste. If this would not work, I would just have to find a woman who looks the part, which I do not think would be very difficult with the makeup artists today.

For the costumes, I would use many bright colors. Not only would this make it easier for the audience to see the characters, but it would also make it easier to catch their attention, since people respond to bright colors. While I think that masks were a useful performance tool during the time of Greek theatre, I would not use them, because I believe that it would take something away from the emotions that the actors are expressing. Facial expressions can be very potent forms of communicating, and if the actors’ faces are covered, there would only be one expression portrayed throughout the play, even though body language might make up for some of the expressions that the characters might be lacking.

Finally, I do not think that I would have the chorus in my play that the ancient Greeks had in theirs. I don’t like the idea of singing narrators, because it begins to feel like a musical, which I wouldn’t want in my remake of Oedipus. Instead, I would have one person as the narrator, who would perform the same way the chorus did, but not in the singing form. I think that so many more emotions can be expressed through the narrator’s speech than if he were singing. The narrator would be on the scene throughout the entire play, as if he were another member of the audience when he wasn’t speaking. I think this would make the play not only more interesting, but also would make it easier for the audience to relate to the characters and understand the play more than they would if they were watching the play without any narration. When I first started reading the play, I was a little lost, so I think that this would help very much, and make the play stronger. Overall, I think that this play would be fairly different from the performances in Greece, but there would still be certain aspects that would remain the same, keeping the purpose and ideas of the Greeks intact throughout the play.
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William Shakespeare Essay

William Shakespeare was the greatest playwright the world has ever known. His talent with using the English language has never had any competition, not even today. With his wonderful talent he has produced thirty-seven plays. Although Shakespeare has died more than four hundred years ago he is still very famous around the world today.

William Shakespeare was born on April 23, 1564. He was born in Stratford-upon-Avon in England. The people of England still celebrate his birthday today, it is known as the feast of St. George. He was the third child and the eldest boy of eight children. His parent’s names were John and Mary Arden Shakespeare. His mother came from a very wealthy family and his father was a glove maker and a tanner. At a time John Shakespeare became a mayor of Stratford, which allowed young William Shakespeare to attend a very good grammar school in his town. The school had highly qualified teachers who were very strict on disciplining the students. Students spent up to nine hours a day studying in school. During his grammar school years was when he got his first taste of what real plays were to look like. Shakespeare did not want to attend a University so at the age of fourteen he was withdrawn from school.

At the age of eighteen William Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway who was almost ten years older than him. They got married on November 27, 1582. Together they had three children. The following year after their marriage their first baby girl, Susana, was born. Anne and William also had one set of twins; their names were Hamnet (boy) and Judith (girl). The twins were born on 1585. Hamnet only lived to be eleven years old because he was infected with the plague that was going around the city.

From the years of 1585 (after his twins were baptized) and 1592 not much is known about Shakespeare, these years are called “The Lost Years”. In 1592 Shakespeare left Stratford to London so he can pursue his career, which he was successful in doing so.

In 1592 was when he became well known by many people in London as an established playwright. Shakespeare was an actor, writer, director, and stockholder for a well-known theatrical company in London called Lord Chamberlain’s Men. Soon after he became known as a poet and a playwright and soon many theatres were calling upon him to write more plays. The company was very successful and popular simply because William Shakespeare was performing and working for them. He was the Company’s leading member. His company often performed plays for Queen Elizabeth and her court; they were always satisfied with the outstanding performances and scripts.

Shakespeare began to write poems when London authorities closed public theatres because of the fatal outbreaks of plague that were being exposed to everyone. During that time there was no need to write plays so he began writing poems that most Elizabethans considered more important that plays. In 1593 Shakespeare wrote his first long poem called, “Venus and Adonis”. The following year he wrote another poem called, “Rape of Lucrece”. Both poems were dedicated to Henry Wriothesley who was the Earl of Southampton, and they were both written at the time when theaters were closed because of the plague. The success of the poems did not lead Shakespeare into giving up writing plays. As soon as the Theatres reopened he began to write plays again.

Shakespeare also wrote sonnets, which gained some much popularity. His sonnets usually described the devotion of a character that was often identified as the poet himself, to a young man whose beauty and virtue he praises and to a mysterious and faithless dark lady with whom the poet is infatuated. The ensuing triangular situation, resulting from the attraction of the poet’s friend to the dark lady, is treated with passionate intensity and psychological insight. All thirty-seven of Shakespeare’s plays have been divided up into separate categories, which are tragedies, comedies, and histories. By 1564 six if his plays had already been produced. In the late 1590’s was when many of Shakespeare’s plays were written. Although a lot of Shakesprear's sonnets are popular his reputation is primarily comes from his plays.

Shakespeare became fully involved in writing plays as soon as the theatres reopened. He wrote an average of two plays a year. During the years of 1594 and 1608 Shakespeare was London’s most popular playwright because of the number of times his plays were published and performed. The company that Shakespeare performed with, Lord Chamberlain’s Men who later became known as the King’s Men because they performed special presentations on a regular bases for King James I. He performed many times for him, more times that any other dramatist performed for him. They often performed in The Globe because it had barely been built. The play that was first performed in The Globe was the tragedy called, “The Tragedy of Julius Caesar”. After he produced that great tragedy many more were written. Some of his most famous tragedies are: “Hamlet”, “Othello”, “King Lear”, “Romeo and Juliet”, “Macbeth”, and “Anthony and Cleopatra”. Many of which were performed for Queen Elizabeth after she had passed away. Some of Shakespeare’s most famous comedies are: “The Taming of the Shrew”, “The Comedy of Errors”, “As you Like it”, “Much Ado About Nothing”, and “The Two Gentlemen of Verona”.

Shakespeare referred to himself as a poet. After the Globe theatre was built Shakespeare began to really come out and started writing his best plays, which had new depth. He became a better observer, which also helped him to write his plays better. At one point William Shakespeare was granted a Coat of Arms from King James I. William Shakespeare was known as a gentleman and his plays showed a lot of violence and passion. The tragedies that he wrote gave insight to the way his life and thoughts really were. When he became more involved with his daughters it showed a lot in his plays and people were able to tell.

Many of Shakespeare’s plays and poems are based on the way life really is. Some of his themes were love, evil, war, heroes, and romance. Many of his characters also came from many different lives. Shakespeare had kings, generals, lovers, drunkards, and many other types of characters. Shakespeare understood people as few other artists have.

He was able to see in a specific dramatic situation the qualities that relate to all human beings. He created characters that had meaning beyond the time and place of his plays. All his characters are remarkable individuals. The all struggle just as people do in real life.

In 1608 Shakespeare’s productions lessened and he began to go back to Stratford to spend time with his family. The year of 1613 The Globe Theatre burned down during a performance of “Henry VIII”. The fire is what marked the end of Shakespeare’s career. Shakespeare retired as a wealthy man because his plays had brought him many riches. After he retired he bought a house for him and his family and called it the “New Place”, the house was huge.

Many people believe Shakespeare knew his death was near and it seems kind of obvious that he knew it was near because he wrote his will not even a month before he passed away. He wrote his will on March 25, 1616. The day of his birthday that same year was also the death of him, April 23, 1616. Shakespeare was buried at the chancel of the church of the Holy Trinity in Stratford, England. The cause of his death is unknown but some people believe that he attended a party and drank and ate too much and caught a fever. Seven years, in 1623, after his death William Shakespeare’s first portfolio was created. It contained all of his works, which were his 37 plays, 154 sonnets, and his two long poems. In 1939, the first Shakespearian play was made into a movie and several plays have been made into movies since then. Some of which are: “Romeo and Juliet” and “Hamlet”, but there are a lot more than that. William Shakespeare had passed away before and of his plays or poems were published or made into movies.

William Shakespeare is still known very well across the world. He is generally considered the greatest dramatist that has walked this earth. He is the world’s famous author and the finest poet ever to write in the English language. No other writes play’s have been produced so many times or translated in different languages to be read aloud in other countries, which explains why he is truly the most praised writer.
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Hamlet Essay

In Shakespeare's Hamlet, the reader gets to know what has been called the "two Hamlets in the play," the first who is considered to be the sensitive intellectual who is able to express himself through poetry and who comes across as being dedicated to truth. The other, barbaric side of Hamlet who treats Ophelia so cruelly with no empathy, slays Polonius and speaks of dragging his guts into another room, and who sends Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to their deaths without any remorse. However, most interpreters of Hamlet see him as a "tragic hero" with a clear and sacred obligation to kill Claudius but due to his being a victim of great external difficulties, is unable to do so right away. Shakespeare purposely makes Hamlet out to be a procrastinator for one very important reason, if Hamlet would have quickly pursued this revenge, Gertrude, Polonius, Ophelia, Rosencrantz, Guildenstern, Laertes, and of course Hamlet himself would have survived and Shakespeare would not have achieved tragedy in this play. There are many explanations for Hamlet's long delay, some of which include the physical act of being unable to commit the murder and what held him back, the fear of what would happen, the moral dilemma of taking the life of his uncle, his disbelief in the ghost, and his fascination with death.

The most important reason being that which physically held him back from committing the act. If Hamlet were to carry out what the Ghost told him and carried out immediate revenge, how would Hamlet have been able to convince the people that he justifiably executed an act of revenge. Another reason Hamlet procrastinates is that his psychological feelings confuse his ability to "confront his destiny." Hamlet's dilemma has little to do with what decisions he should take, but rather whether he will be able to make any decisions at all. Perhaps due to his excessive melancholy Hamlet became morally weakened and therefor lost his desire for revenge. As Hamlet states "my weakness and my melancholy"(II.ii.630) and his "wild and whirling words"(I.v.133) his mood shifts from deep depression to elation, which might explain his indecisiveness throughout the play. Hamlet is a man of talk.

He is imply unable to carry out actions which he wants to. In his own words, ". . .the native hue of resolution Is sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought."(III.i.84-85) Here it becomes clear that when Hamlet thinks he has finally made a decision, thinking about it causes him to change his mind or simply put it off. The one time Hamlet has the opportunity to kill Claudius and achieve his revenge is when Claudius is confessing his sins. Here, Hamlet does not kill him because if Claudius were to die right then, he would have gone to heaven. Something which Hamlet does not want to see happen. Of course, there are also moral roadblocks which prevent Hamlet from immediately acting upon the

Ghost's orders. According to Goethe's interpretation of Hamlet, he is "lovely, pure, and moral nature, without the strength of nerve which forms a hero." However, Goethe's compatriot, Schleger sees Hamlet having "no firm belief either in himself or in anything else, in the resolutions which he so often embraces and always leaves unexecuted, his weakness is too apparent.

His far fetched scruples are often mere pretexts to cover his want of determination. . .." Hamlet becomes the "creature of mere mediation" because of his overbalanced cognition. Hamlet always finds a way out of what he was about to do because he ends up thinking about it for too long. This leads him being known as a character whom is full of purpose, but lacks the quality required to accomplish that purpose. Most of these issues are simply due to Hamlet's over analyzation of morals. When Hamlet sees how promptly

Pyrrhus acted towards the death of his father in scene II, he promptly denounces himself as a coward and cries out for vengeance: Bloody, bawdy villain!

Remorseless, treacherous, lecherous, kindless villain! O, vengeance!(II.ii.608-610) it is at this point where Hamlet reveals his plan to "catch the conscience of the King." Again, however, even though he vows to sweep to his revenge, weeks pass and he has not even made an attempt.

Perhaps it is because of Hamlet's disbelief in the honesty of the Ghost which causes such hesitation in Hamlet's actions. Hamlet is called upon to execute private vengeance, an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth, even though this is contrary to all Christian teachings. Hamlet therefor, gets erratic because he is a man that believes in heaven and hell and whose ideals tell him that any man who defies divine ordinance ultimately must face judgement. Also, according to

Shakespeare, a Ghost is "a spirit damn'd" which would lead tot he idea that Hamlet should not take vengeance into his own hands. When Hamlet does accept what the Ghost tells him to be true, he ponders his thought for a long period of time, expecting to do the deed immediately, but instead drags it on until the end of the play. In the stress of powerful emotion, Hamlet makes a positive identification of the Ghost as "King, father; royal

Dane."(I.iv.45) Hamlet's hasty decision to accept the Ghost as his father, give him second doubts later on in the play. Hamlet's fascination with death played a large role in the delay of the death of Claudius. In act I scene ii, when Hamlet is alone he expresses his innermost thoughts and were it not against

God's law, he would commit suicide, because according to him, his world has become "weary, stale, flat, and unprofitable," but not only because he has just lost a king and a father, but because his mother has just married a man much inferior to King Hamlet, who got married less than two month after his death. In Hamlet's famous soliloquy he discusses how death would be the brave thing to do; To die; to sleep;- To sleep? Perchance to dream! . . .(III.i.64-68)

Yet at the same time Hamlet makes it sound almost like a fear; But that the dread of something after death, The undiscover'd country from whose bourn No traveller returns, puzzles the will . . ..(III.i.78-80) Then again if Hamlet has talked to the Ghost who has told him of the necessary purgatory why does he question it? Or perhaps, if Hamlet truly believes that death is an escape, he does not want to let Claudius escape, instead forcing him to live with himself and what he has done. Hamlet's fear does not play a vital role in the procrastination of taking revenge. The only major fear in Hamlet is that of being discovered. For this reason he plays the role of a madman so that whatever words flow from his lips will be easily disregarded. He must even convince

Ophelia of his insanity in order to make sure nothing is foretold. You should not have believ'd me, for virtue cannot So innoculate our old stock but we shall relish it. I loved you not.(III.i.118-120) Hamlet's fear drives him to explain how all of man is corrupted. Since the fall of Adam and Eve, no one can escape corruption. This fear drives him to obtain what he feels must be obtained; revenge. Fear is also what prevents him from acting upon the Ghost's wishes. He is afraid that if he acts too quickly, he will be unable to obtain enough evidence that he has justifiably acted upon revenge.
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