I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, by Maya Angelou, is of great value to not only myself, but to society as a whole. By portraying her own life through the book, she is able to convey the difficulties associated with the mixture of racial and gender discrimination dealt with by young, Southern black girls. At the same time, she touches on subjects from child abuse to the search for one's purpose in life.
Maya wastes no time plunging into the controversy of racial discrimination within the first few pages of her book. As a child, Maya feels an intense sense of displacement as a black girl and when her "Momma" sews her a new Sunday dress, Maya believes this will be her chance to fit in with the genteel, white girls. When the dress is finished, Maya believes it is nothing more than a "white womans throw-away" and she is forced to conclude that she will always be an ugly black child who could never measure up to the pretty white girls. The racist society that existed around Maya as a child had her convinced that she could be nothing more than a poor black girl in a white man's world.
Throughout the book, Maya Angelou endures incidents that not only teach her , but also the reader, about the horrible nature of racism. One such incident was when Mrs. Cullinan's condescendingly renamed Maya to suit her own preferences. Maya proved that, as a black girl, she did not have to tolerate Mrs. Cullinan's discrimination and she resisted by smashing some of her employer's fine china. Maya witnessed another bout with racism when a local white dentist refused to treat her and claimed he would rather stick his hand in a dogs mouth. Also, at Maya's eighth grade graduation, Mr. Donleavy, a white guest speaker, spoke of a black individual's limited potential in their racist society and embarrassed the entire black community. Henry Reed, the valedictorian, stood and led the graduates into the black national anthem, demonstrating the great pride blacks have in their heritage. In each situation, Maya, individually or with her entire black community, overcame racism and proved she was not below the white race. She displayed that, regardless of a person's skin color, a young girl can develop into a strong and independent woman. Maya showed everyone that, although she was surrounded by white bigots, she could raise above the racists and become a confident and successful black girl.
Besides racism, Maya also speaks to many issues, such as relationships between parents and children and child abuse. Maya's parents abandoned her as a very young girl and Maya turns out growing up in one of the most segregated and racist areas of the country, the deep south. Maya feels very alone and wonders why her real mother left her, forcing her to isolate herself at a young age. As Maya's mother becomes a part of her life again, the sense of displacement disappears and she develops into a confident young woman, portraying the importance of a strong parent to child relationship.
The book is important to me because it shows that regardless of all the problems thrown at a person while growing up, it is possible to prevail over these obstacles and become a confident and successful adult. Maya was able to become the first black streetcar conductor at the ripe age of fifteen, a huge success that, at the time, seemed virtually impossible. After running away from her father's girlfriend Dolores, Maya finds herself among the homeless. Fending for herself taught Maya to be strong and self-assured and she survived living on her own, proving once again that, if you put your mind to it, everything is possible. Finally, Maya overcame one of the greatest hardships of life, being pregnant, and she developed even more confidence as a mother.
Maya confronts her own life with great dignity and proves that a young black girl can survive and become successful, even through the racist conditions that existed in the 1930's-1950's. She displays that anyone can be successful, regardless of their gender or race.
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Wednesday, April 29, 2009
Aristotle's Theories
In book III of Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle presents the audience with theories to explain why individuals do things that they do. Although several theories have been offered to depict such actions, Aristotle believes his theory of responsibility gives a clear and accurate representation about whether or not an individual is responsible for his or her actions. Though Aristotle rejected his first theory of responsibility, which stated that a person is responsible for his or her voluntary actions only, his new theory that said that a person may be responsible for his or her not voluntary actions was accepted by many. To portray this theory in his text, Aristotle gives examples and supports this theory with other theories, such as the theories of character acquisition and action, to explain how actions form a person’s character and what actions are voluntary or not voluntary. Because there are some that critique and objection to Aristotle’s responsibility theory, it is important for the reader to consider how Aristotle could have created a better response to these objections and determine how adequate his resulting views on his theories are.
Aristotle’s theory of responsibility was established through his theories of character acquisition and action. His theory of character acquisition states that people get their character from repetitively demonstrating actions they think are best, while his theory of action distinguishes between what actions are voluntary or not voluntary. A person that chooses to do his or actions and deliberate upon them performs the actions voluntarily. On the other hand, a person who is forced into doing actions or is doing them out of ignorance is performing the actions not voluntarily. According to Aristotle, a person is acting involuntarily if he or she acts not voluntarily but feels no pain or regret. Because Aristotle notes in his theories that ones character is developed over time and certain actions may be considered voluntary or not voluntary, it may be difficult to determine if a persons actions in certain circumstances would make that individual responsible or not responsible. For that reason, Aristotle developed his theory of responsibility. This theory states that a person is responsible for his or her actions if he or she did it voluntarily or he or she deliberated and made the best decision based on the deliberation. Aristotle adds, “It is only vices of the soul that are voluntary; vices of the body are also voluntary for some people. [Means and states] are up to us and are voluntary. Actions and states, however, are not voluntary in the same way. For we are in control of actions from the beginning to the end, when we know the particulars. With states, however, we are in control of the beginning, but do not know…what the cumulative effect of particular actions will be” (Aristotle, 39-40).
According to Aristotle, a person who acts voluntarily is responsible no matter what but depending on the circumstances, a person may or not be held responsible after making a not voluntary or involuntary action.
In Chapter 5 of Book III in Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle presents an objection to his responsibility theory. He states that people may believe that everybody seeks what may seem good to them but they have no say as to what appears to them. For instance, a person with a bad character may repetitively do bad things voluntarily, but are they really responsible if they are doing what they believe to be best? Some may also believe that ones character is caused by nature, and one cannot not be responsible for what nature dishes out and how they choose to react to it. To this objection, Aristotle says that, “If each person is in some way responsible for his own state [of character], he is also himself in some way responsible for how [the end] appears” (Aristotle, 39). Aristotle believes that because we determine our ends, both virtues and vices are voluntary. Just as Aristotle stated in his theory of character acquisition, people are they way they are because they have made their character that way through habituation and repetitive actions. When people act voluntarily they have the ability to deliberate and make the right decisions and therefore are responsible. This objection relates closely with Jason’s situation in Geoff Sayre-McCord’s Philosophy Lecture. Jason was asked to partake in an experiment and sign a waiver allowing Geoff to control his desires which is turn made Jason do silly actions such as singing “Happy Birthday,” barking like a dog, and giving out money. Because Jason had no say in what desires Geoff gave him, it would seem as if Jason’s actions were not voluntary, but according to Aristotle he was able to deliberate and choose his actions so his actions are voluntary. Jason did sign a waiver to be in the experiment, and therefore was held responsible for his actions. Some may object, just like some may object to Aristotle’s responsibility theory, that Jason was not told what he would be doing or the extent of the experiment. Therefore, these critics would believe his actions were voluntary because but he is not responsible because Geoff was controlling his desires and making him think about doing things that were out of his character. Although Jason was acting voluntarily, he decided and deliberated on being in the experiment and he was able to deliberate about his actions, which made him responsible for whatever desires Geoff gave him. Though it may have been out of Jason’s character to follow orders from Geoff, it was in his character to partake in the experiment and therefore he should be held responsible for his actions.
To make his responsibility theory clearer to those who may object, Aristotle could strengthen his argument on how individuals are able to make decisions and act voluntarily and are therefore responsible for his or her actions. He could question that if that individual is not responsible, who is? Why would the person be able to think in the first place if his choices would not matter? If people continued to believe that nature rules over what they do, everybody would be lazy and not do anything and be very unjust because they would make themselves believe that is their character and there was no way of changing that. To most people blaming their bad decisions and actions on nature will let them off the hook. To make his point stronger, Aristotle could look at the views of those that may criticize his theory and reject all possible reasons for why nature does not create an individuals character since people do have the power to make decisions.
Concerning Aristotle’s theory of responsibility, I agree that people are who they are because they have made their character that way. Like Aristotle, I also believe that people are responsible for all of their voluntary actions, and some may be responsible for their actions that are not voluntary as well. The girl that drove drunk in the story A Vignette on Drunk Driving is a prime example. The girl did not choose or deliberate on hitting the woman’s car but she is held responsible because she did choose to drink and drive; she therefore did not do it voluntarily but she is held responsible. I also agree with Aristotle’s theories of character acquisition and action. Peoples character is based on the actions they do repetitively and are acting voluntarily if they choose and deliberate on an action, but are not acting voluntarily if they are forced or are acting out of ignorance. The objection states that though the girl did drive voluntarily, she should not be responsible for hitting the woman because it was in her character that was formed based on outside forces. People have the ability to choose their character, despite what people that believe in the objection may think. It seems as if people make the best decisions to get to an end and they do the actions that they feel that can best take them in that direction. Therefore, I think that Aristotle’s resulting views are adequate, “For in fact we are ourselves in a way jointly responsible for our states of character, and the sort of character we have determines the sort of end we lay down. Hence the vices will also be voluntary, since the same is true of them” (Aristotle, 39). Aristotle believes that everybody is responsible for his or her voluntary actions and people do what they do in order to get to an end. Furthermore, his views are not far fetched; rather they seem realistic and adequate in labeling a persons actions and character acquisition.
Aristotle developed wonderful theories in his work Nicomachean Ethics, such as his theory of character acquisition, theory of action, and theory of responsibility. He is fair and practical in his labeling of whom should be held responsible or not responsible due to the individual’s actions. Though some may criticize his theories, similar to how many do not agree that Jason should be responsible for his actions, Aristotle stands firm in his beliefs and provides evidence to help support his opinions. I believe that Aristotle has strong, rational views but with a bit more evidence and taking others beliefs into consideration, he could have developed theories to persuade everybody.
You can order a high-quality custom essay, term paper, research paper, thesis, dissertation, speech, book report or book review from our professional custom writing service. We have employed more than 700 highly qualified Ph.D. and Master's academic writers to provide students with professional academic writing help. Feel free to contact our company right now!
Aristotle’s theory of responsibility was established through his theories of character acquisition and action. His theory of character acquisition states that people get their character from repetitively demonstrating actions they think are best, while his theory of action distinguishes between what actions are voluntary or not voluntary. A person that chooses to do his or actions and deliberate upon them performs the actions voluntarily. On the other hand, a person who is forced into doing actions or is doing them out of ignorance is performing the actions not voluntarily. According to Aristotle, a person is acting involuntarily if he or she acts not voluntarily but feels no pain or regret. Because Aristotle notes in his theories that ones character is developed over time and certain actions may be considered voluntary or not voluntary, it may be difficult to determine if a persons actions in certain circumstances would make that individual responsible or not responsible. For that reason, Aristotle developed his theory of responsibility. This theory states that a person is responsible for his or her actions if he or she did it voluntarily or he or she deliberated and made the best decision based on the deliberation. Aristotle adds, “It is only vices of the soul that are voluntary; vices of the body are also voluntary for some people. [Means and states] are up to us and are voluntary. Actions and states, however, are not voluntary in the same way. For we are in control of actions from the beginning to the end, when we know the particulars. With states, however, we are in control of the beginning, but do not know…what the cumulative effect of particular actions will be” (Aristotle, 39-40).
According to Aristotle, a person who acts voluntarily is responsible no matter what but depending on the circumstances, a person may or not be held responsible after making a not voluntary or involuntary action.
In Chapter 5 of Book III in Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle presents an objection to his responsibility theory. He states that people may believe that everybody seeks what may seem good to them but they have no say as to what appears to them. For instance, a person with a bad character may repetitively do bad things voluntarily, but are they really responsible if they are doing what they believe to be best? Some may also believe that ones character is caused by nature, and one cannot not be responsible for what nature dishes out and how they choose to react to it. To this objection, Aristotle says that, “If each person is in some way responsible for his own state [of character], he is also himself in some way responsible for how [the end] appears” (Aristotle, 39). Aristotle believes that because we determine our ends, both virtues and vices are voluntary. Just as Aristotle stated in his theory of character acquisition, people are they way they are because they have made their character that way through habituation and repetitive actions. When people act voluntarily they have the ability to deliberate and make the right decisions and therefore are responsible. This objection relates closely with Jason’s situation in Geoff Sayre-McCord’s Philosophy Lecture. Jason was asked to partake in an experiment and sign a waiver allowing Geoff to control his desires which is turn made Jason do silly actions such as singing “Happy Birthday,” barking like a dog, and giving out money. Because Jason had no say in what desires Geoff gave him, it would seem as if Jason’s actions were not voluntary, but according to Aristotle he was able to deliberate and choose his actions so his actions are voluntary. Jason did sign a waiver to be in the experiment, and therefore was held responsible for his actions. Some may object, just like some may object to Aristotle’s responsibility theory, that Jason was not told what he would be doing or the extent of the experiment. Therefore, these critics would believe his actions were voluntary because but he is not responsible because Geoff was controlling his desires and making him think about doing things that were out of his character. Although Jason was acting voluntarily, he decided and deliberated on being in the experiment and he was able to deliberate about his actions, which made him responsible for whatever desires Geoff gave him. Though it may have been out of Jason’s character to follow orders from Geoff, it was in his character to partake in the experiment and therefore he should be held responsible for his actions.
To make his responsibility theory clearer to those who may object, Aristotle could strengthen his argument on how individuals are able to make decisions and act voluntarily and are therefore responsible for his or her actions. He could question that if that individual is not responsible, who is? Why would the person be able to think in the first place if his choices would not matter? If people continued to believe that nature rules over what they do, everybody would be lazy and not do anything and be very unjust because they would make themselves believe that is their character and there was no way of changing that. To most people blaming their bad decisions and actions on nature will let them off the hook. To make his point stronger, Aristotle could look at the views of those that may criticize his theory and reject all possible reasons for why nature does not create an individuals character since people do have the power to make decisions.
Concerning Aristotle’s theory of responsibility, I agree that people are who they are because they have made their character that way. Like Aristotle, I also believe that people are responsible for all of their voluntary actions, and some may be responsible for their actions that are not voluntary as well. The girl that drove drunk in the story A Vignette on Drunk Driving is a prime example. The girl did not choose or deliberate on hitting the woman’s car but she is held responsible because she did choose to drink and drive; she therefore did not do it voluntarily but she is held responsible. I also agree with Aristotle’s theories of character acquisition and action. Peoples character is based on the actions they do repetitively and are acting voluntarily if they choose and deliberate on an action, but are not acting voluntarily if they are forced or are acting out of ignorance. The objection states that though the girl did drive voluntarily, she should not be responsible for hitting the woman because it was in her character that was formed based on outside forces. People have the ability to choose their character, despite what people that believe in the objection may think. It seems as if people make the best decisions to get to an end and they do the actions that they feel that can best take them in that direction. Therefore, I think that Aristotle’s resulting views are adequate, “For in fact we are ourselves in a way jointly responsible for our states of character, and the sort of character we have determines the sort of end we lay down. Hence the vices will also be voluntary, since the same is true of them” (Aristotle, 39). Aristotle believes that everybody is responsible for his or her voluntary actions and people do what they do in order to get to an end. Furthermore, his views are not far fetched; rather they seem realistic and adequate in labeling a persons actions and character acquisition.
Aristotle developed wonderful theories in his work Nicomachean Ethics, such as his theory of character acquisition, theory of action, and theory of responsibility. He is fair and practical in his labeling of whom should be held responsible or not responsible due to the individual’s actions. Though some may criticize his theories, similar to how many do not agree that Jason should be responsible for his actions, Aristotle stands firm in his beliefs and provides evidence to help support his opinions. I believe that Aristotle has strong, rational views but with a bit more evidence and taking others beliefs into consideration, he could have developed theories to persuade everybody.
You can order a high-quality custom essay, term paper, research paper, thesis, dissertation, speech, book report or book review from our professional custom writing service. We have employed more than 700 highly qualified Ph.D. and Master's academic writers to provide students with professional academic writing help. Feel free to contact our company right now!
Thursday, April 23, 2009
Earthquakes
Do you know how earthquakes arise? Things such as Elastic Rebound theory, Major earthquake zones, How big seismic waves are, locating earthquakes, earthquake measurement, Destruction to buildings and properties, Tsunamis, Earthquake warnings and predictions, and earthquake safety, all have a part in preparing and knowing how to deal with a earthquake situation; also knowing what makes a earthquake come to pass.
Geologists explain many earthquakes by the elastic rebound theory. According to this theory, the rocks on each side of a fault are moving slowly. If the fault is locked, stress in the rocks increases. When they are stressed to a certain point, however, the rocks fracture, separate at their weakest point, and spring back to their original shape, or rebound. Alas the reason for calling it the elastic rebound, because they bounce back to their original state of being unstressed.
Many times when the rocks fall into new positions they release energy in a form of vibrations called seismic waves. That release of energy often causes stress to other rocks; they break and come back to their original state. This is often the reason that huge earthquakes are followed by a series of small upheaval called aftershocks. Where the fault is, the first slippage occurs, and that is called the focus of the earthquake. And the epicenter is located right above the focus. Most earthquakes have a shallow focus.
Most earthquakes occur near the earths lithospheric plates. So it often show that the theory of plate tectonics is somewhat true. The earth has three major subduction zones. The first is a large area called the pacific ring of fire, this includes north and south America the east coast of Asia, and the western pacific islands of the Philippines, Indonesia, New Guinea, and New Zealand. Most of the plates are being sub ducted, while some plate scrape past each other.
The second major earthquake zone is along the mid ocean ridges. They occur there because the oceanic crust is pulling away from both sides of each ridge. This creates stress along the major ocean ridges.
The third major earthquake zone is the Eurasian-Melanesian mountain belt. Mountains along that region were formed by a collision between the Eurasian plate and the African, and Indian plates. Those plate are still colliding, and the same forces are still producing numerous earthquakes.
Scientists have determined that every earthquake produces three major types of seismic waves, each type travels at a different speed and causes different movements in the earths crust. Primary waves or p-waves move the fastest and are the first to be recorded by a seismograph. They may travel through liquids and solids. P waves also cause rock particles to move together and apart along the direction of the waves. Secondary waves or S-waves are the second waves to be recorded on the seismograph. S waves can only travel through solid material. S waves cannot be detected on the side of the earth that is opposite of the earthquakes epicenter: They cannot be detected because they do not penetrate through the earths liquid outer core. S waves cause rocks to move at right angles to the direction in which the waves are traveling. Long waves or L-waves are the slowest moving waves and they are the last to be recorded on the seismograph. L waves travel slowly, similar to ocean waves.
The way scientists find the epicenter of an earthquake, scientists analyze the arrival times between P waves and S waves. If the S waves arrive soon after the P waves, that means that the earthquake must have originated fairly close to where the seismograph station. To find out how far an earthquake is from a certain seismograph station, the scientists plot the difference between the arrival times of both the waves. For scientists to locate the epicenter of the earthquake, they need information from at least three seismograph stations at different locations.
To measure an earthquake, scientists use a richer scale to note the magnitude of and earthquake. A major earthquake, one that causes widespread damage, has a magnitude of 7 or above. A moderate earthquake has a magnitude between 6 and 7, And a minor earthquake, between 2.5 and 6. Earthquakes with magnitudes of less that 2.5 are called micro quakes, which usually are not felt by people. The mercalli scale says that intensity of an earthquake, or the amount of damage it causes, and a description. And earthquake with a rating of II , this has low intensity, and is, “Felt only by a few persons at rest, especially on upper floors of buildings. Delicately suspended objects may swing.” One with a higher rating, like if it were rated X, is described as follows, “Some well built wooden structures destroyed; most masonry and frame structures destroyed with foundations; ground badly cracked, rails bent, shifted sand and mud.” The highest rating would be XII and means “total destruction.”
Destruction to buildings and such, can be prevented. Because buildings with week walls may completely collapse, some may even fall over. A building constructed in loose soil is more likely to be damaged, opposed to one that is built on solid ground; Because during an earthquake, the soil moves around like jelly. Then the building may proceed to sway violently and fall over. Most buildings are not designed to with stand the swaying motion caused by earthquakes. Most things are not constructed to withstand an earthquake, but nowadays they are testing the ground, and things like that to make sure it would be safe to build certain objects in certain areas.
A tsunami is major earthquake with an epicenter on the ocean floor and sometimes causes a giant ocean wave. Tsunami comes from Japanese and means “harbor Wave.” Two things are factors in tsunamis; Faulting and underwater landslides, and severe underwater landslides. Faulting may cause a sudden drop or rise in the ocean floor, a large mass of water also rises or drops. This mass of water goes up and down and it adjusts to the change in sea level. The more violent water goes into a series of long waves that develop into tsunamis. Disastrous earthquakes and tsunamis have encouraged the expansion and improvement of the Seismic Sea Wave Warning System. Scientists have numerous seismographs stations on the pacific ocean, and they can issue warnings immediately to the areas that may be affected. However, there will not be enough time to issue tsunami warnings to areas very near the epicenter of the earthquake.
Scientists have dreamed of being able to one day accurately prediction earthquakes. One of the earliest ways of prediction was watching animals; People knew that just before an earthquake, animals appear nervous and restless, almost as if they could sense the coming catastrophe. Scientists can make approximate predictions of future earthquakes, but may be off a few years. To make more accurate predictions, scientists are studying changes in the earths crust that can signal an approaching earthquake. Along some faults, scientists have identified zones of immobile rock called seismic gaps; it takes place where the fault is locked and unable to move. Scientists think that seismic gaps are future locations for earthquakes, due to stressed rocks. Several gaps that exist along the San Andreas Fault will probably be sites for earthquakes in the future. Scientists can detect a slight tilting of the ground, shortly before an earthquake. Some earthquakes are preceded by a decrease in the speed of local p-waves. Evidence suggest that the longer the decrease in speed lasts, the longer the earthquake will be. Most scientist would like to be able to control earthquakes. In fact, tests at Rangely, Colorado, showed that when water as injected along a fault, friction was reduced and the earthquake was less severe.
Destructive earthquakes may occur in any part of the united states, very destructive earthquakes are most likely to happen in California or Alaska; mainly be cause they are located on a fault, The Pacific Ring of Fire. Before an earthquake occurs, be prepared. Keep canned food, bottled water, flashlights, batteries, and a portable radio. Please don’t forget a manual can opener, most people don’t think of that until they can’t do anything about it anymore. During an earthquake, stay calm. Most of the time there are a few seconds between shaking, so that you may find a safer location. Stand in a doorway, or crouch under a desk, so that falling debris may not fall on you. If you are in a car, stay in your car, but be sure to be far away from buildings which may collapse. After a earthquake, be alert. Check for safety and health hazards. Always wear shoes around broken glass. Don’t touch things such as downed wires and things.
In conclusion, earthquakes have been intriguing us for some time now, but hope fully we will be able to predict where they will strike, plan ahead; safety precautions. In the future we may find out how and why to stop earthquakes from happening. But all in all, earthquakes are fascinating, and may be vile at the same time.
You can order a high-quality custom essay, term paper, research paper, thesis, dissertation, speech, book report or book review from our professional custom writing service. We have employed more than 700 highly qualified Ph.D. and Master's academic writers to provide students with professional academic writing help. Feel free to contact our company right now!
Geologists explain many earthquakes by the elastic rebound theory. According to this theory, the rocks on each side of a fault are moving slowly. If the fault is locked, stress in the rocks increases. When they are stressed to a certain point, however, the rocks fracture, separate at their weakest point, and spring back to their original shape, or rebound. Alas the reason for calling it the elastic rebound, because they bounce back to their original state of being unstressed.
Many times when the rocks fall into new positions they release energy in a form of vibrations called seismic waves. That release of energy often causes stress to other rocks; they break and come back to their original state. This is often the reason that huge earthquakes are followed by a series of small upheaval called aftershocks. Where the fault is, the first slippage occurs, and that is called the focus of the earthquake. And the epicenter is located right above the focus. Most earthquakes have a shallow focus.
Most earthquakes occur near the earths lithospheric plates. So it often show that the theory of plate tectonics is somewhat true. The earth has three major subduction zones. The first is a large area called the pacific ring of fire, this includes north and south America the east coast of Asia, and the western pacific islands of the Philippines, Indonesia, New Guinea, and New Zealand. Most of the plates are being sub ducted, while some plate scrape past each other.
The second major earthquake zone is along the mid ocean ridges. They occur there because the oceanic crust is pulling away from both sides of each ridge. This creates stress along the major ocean ridges.
The third major earthquake zone is the Eurasian-Melanesian mountain belt. Mountains along that region were formed by a collision between the Eurasian plate and the African, and Indian plates. Those plate are still colliding, and the same forces are still producing numerous earthquakes.
Scientists have determined that every earthquake produces three major types of seismic waves, each type travels at a different speed and causes different movements in the earths crust. Primary waves or p-waves move the fastest and are the first to be recorded by a seismograph. They may travel through liquids and solids. P waves also cause rock particles to move together and apart along the direction of the waves. Secondary waves or S-waves are the second waves to be recorded on the seismograph. S waves can only travel through solid material. S waves cannot be detected on the side of the earth that is opposite of the earthquakes epicenter: They cannot be detected because they do not penetrate through the earths liquid outer core. S waves cause rocks to move at right angles to the direction in which the waves are traveling. Long waves or L-waves are the slowest moving waves and they are the last to be recorded on the seismograph. L waves travel slowly, similar to ocean waves.
The way scientists find the epicenter of an earthquake, scientists analyze the arrival times between P waves and S waves. If the S waves arrive soon after the P waves, that means that the earthquake must have originated fairly close to where the seismograph station. To find out how far an earthquake is from a certain seismograph station, the scientists plot the difference between the arrival times of both the waves. For scientists to locate the epicenter of the earthquake, they need information from at least three seismograph stations at different locations.
To measure an earthquake, scientists use a richer scale to note the magnitude of and earthquake. A major earthquake, one that causes widespread damage, has a magnitude of 7 or above. A moderate earthquake has a magnitude between 6 and 7, And a minor earthquake, between 2.5 and 6. Earthquakes with magnitudes of less that 2.5 are called micro quakes, which usually are not felt by people. The mercalli scale says that intensity of an earthquake, or the amount of damage it causes, and a description. And earthquake with a rating of II , this has low intensity, and is, “Felt only by a few persons at rest, especially on upper floors of buildings. Delicately suspended objects may swing.” One with a higher rating, like if it were rated X, is described as follows, “Some well built wooden structures destroyed; most masonry and frame structures destroyed with foundations; ground badly cracked, rails bent, shifted sand and mud.” The highest rating would be XII and means “total destruction.”
Destruction to buildings and such, can be prevented. Because buildings with week walls may completely collapse, some may even fall over. A building constructed in loose soil is more likely to be damaged, opposed to one that is built on solid ground; Because during an earthquake, the soil moves around like jelly. Then the building may proceed to sway violently and fall over. Most buildings are not designed to with stand the swaying motion caused by earthquakes. Most things are not constructed to withstand an earthquake, but nowadays they are testing the ground, and things like that to make sure it would be safe to build certain objects in certain areas.
A tsunami is major earthquake with an epicenter on the ocean floor and sometimes causes a giant ocean wave. Tsunami comes from Japanese and means “harbor Wave.” Two things are factors in tsunamis; Faulting and underwater landslides, and severe underwater landslides. Faulting may cause a sudden drop or rise in the ocean floor, a large mass of water also rises or drops. This mass of water goes up and down and it adjusts to the change in sea level. The more violent water goes into a series of long waves that develop into tsunamis. Disastrous earthquakes and tsunamis have encouraged the expansion and improvement of the Seismic Sea Wave Warning System. Scientists have numerous seismographs stations on the pacific ocean, and they can issue warnings immediately to the areas that may be affected. However, there will not be enough time to issue tsunami warnings to areas very near the epicenter of the earthquake.
Scientists have dreamed of being able to one day accurately prediction earthquakes. One of the earliest ways of prediction was watching animals; People knew that just before an earthquake, animals appear nervous and restless, almost as if they could sense the coming catastrophe. Scientists can make approximate predictions of future earthquakes, but may be off a few years. To make more accurate predictions, scientists are studying changes in the earths crust that can signal an approaching earthquake. Along some faults, scientists have identified zones of immobile rock called seismic gaps; it takes place where the fault is locked and unable to move. Scientists think that seismic gaps are future locations for earthquakes, due to stressed rocks. Several gaps that exist along the San Andreas Fault will probably be sites for earthquakes in the future. Scientists can detect a slight tilting of the ground, shortly before an earthquake. Some earthquakes are preceded by a decrease in the speed of local p-waves. Evidence suggest that the longer the decrease in speed lasts, the longer the earthquake will be. Most scientist would like to be able to control earthquakes. In fact, tests at Rangely, Colorado, showed that when water as injected along a fault, friction was reduced and the earthquake was less severe.
Destructive earthquakes may occur in any part of the united states, very destructive earthquakes are most likely to happen in California or Alaska; mainly be cause they are located on a fault, The Pacific Ring of Fire. Before an earthquake occurs, be prepared. Keep canned food, bottled water, flashlights, batteries, and a portable radio. Please don’t forget a manual can opener, most people don’t think of that until they can’t do anything about it anymore. During an earthquake, stay calm. Most of the time there are a few seconds between shaking, so that you may find a safer location. Stand in a doorway, or crouch under a desk, so that falling debris may not fall on you. If you are in a car, stay in your car, but be sure to be far away from buildings which may collapse. After a earthquake, be alert. Check for safety and health hazards. Always wear shoes around broken glass. Don’t touch things such as downed wires and things.
In conclusion, earthquakes have been intriguing us for some time now, but hope fully we will be able to predict where they will strike, plan ahead; safety precautions. In the future we may find out how and why to stop earthquakes from happening. But all in all, earthquakes are fascinating, and may be vile at the same time.
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Online Research Paper Writers
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Wednesday, April 15, 2009
College Research Papers
Studying in college requires from students a lot of abilities, skills and gifts to be successful in education. If you are college student – you know exactly what writing college papers means. There are a lot of academic papers which are assigned in college to be written: essays, term papers, research papers, speeches, book reports/reviews and other assignments.
Actually college research paper writing is the most complicated academic activity to be properly prepared, formatted and analyzed. But how to write a good college research paper unless you possess great writing and analytical skills? Can free college research paper examples and sample college papers help students with writing? Are there any websites and resources which can provide students with free guidelines and tips? Certainly. But what to do if you need professional assistance in writing college research papers? Are there are any services and companies which can provide you with custom written college papers, prepared from scratch by highly qualified Ph.D. and Master’s writers? Sure.
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Actually college research paper writing is the most complicated academic activity to be properly prepared, formatted and analyzed. But how to write a good college research paper unless you possess great writing and analytical skills? Can free college research paper examples and sample college papers help students with writing? Are there any websites and resources which can provide students with free guidelines and tips? Certainly. But what to do if you need professional assistance in writing college research papers? Are there are any services and companies which can provide you with custom written college papers, prepared from scratch by highly qualified Ph.D. and Master’s writers? Sure.
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Criminal Justice System
The criminal justice system consists of the State and Commonwealth institutions, agencies, departments and personnel responsible for dealing with the judicial aspects of crime, the victims of crime, the persons accused or convicted of a crime, other related issues and processes. The criminal justice system refers to a network of agencies that responds to a crime, including the police, courts and prisons. It is important that each of these arms uses the resources and processes available to protect the society in as fair a manner as it can. Society expects that the criminal justice system should achieve and maintain particular goals, standards and values in society, and that crimes be eliminated efficiently and effectively under limited resources. It is argued that modern criminal justice system is actually an беinjusticeбж one. From many perspectives, it appears as though the criminal justice system serves injustice rather than justice. Discretion of police officers and prosecutors as well as the law enforcement functions carried out by judicial officers are important to pinpoint whether or not the criminal justice system should be labeled the criminal injustice system. It is no doubt a well thought-out system. But in reality, as well as when it is applied in practice, its flaws are apparent.
The main concern for the criminal justice system is to determine and dispense justice. Justice, however, is a concept that is difficult to define. In the administration of criminal justice, it is important to apply the law equally to all citizens irrespective of their social, economic and political discrepancies. It certainly could be argued that the law itself could not be fair if it is discriminating against certain individuals or groups within the society. The major flaw of the criminal justice system is discrimination, on the basis of ethnicity, gender and class. In determining the fairness and effectiveness of the system, the discretionary powers of various agencies have to be evaluated. Is this power empowered upon those agencies being abused in a discriminatory manner? In determining how fair and effective the criminal justice system is, all aspects in relation to discretionary powers, discriminatory behaviour and procedures, the police, the judiciary, corrections, juvenile justice, indigenous issues, victims' rights and offenders' rights need to be scrutinized and evaluated. To illustrate that the criminal justice system is actually an injustice one, there are a few examples we can look at in the Australian context.
The police have enormous discretionary powers - one of which is the power to either charge or divert offenders from the criminal justice system. Within this discretionary power, there is a potential for that power to be abused, especially with corruption being an entrenched culture of the police force. The police have a wide discretion in relation to their law enforcement duties. They may selectively enforce certain laws, or may choose to selectively police certain groups of people. Police discretion has regularly been exercised in a manner that is unacceptable by the general public. It seems that further constraints are necessary to be imposed upon police discretion, particularly in relation to arrest, bail and custodial practices. At the very least, the authority of police in relation to certain aspects of arrest, bail and custodial procedures should be mandatory rather than discretionary and they should be subject to further training, close supervision and monitoring. Complaints about police have included inappropriate responses to hate crimes against homosexuals and their not taking complaints of racial abuse by non-English speaking people seriously. Traditional policing methods are reactive, focusing on street crime and protecting the private property. All these could be seen to have reflected the interests of the dominant group. It is never easy to measure whether the police work effectively or not. However, it could be questioned amongst the claims of corruption and inappropriate responses.
You can order a high-quality custom essay, term paper, research paper, thesis, dissertation, speech, book report or book review from our professional custom writing service. We have employed more than 700 highly qualified Ph.D. and Master's academic writers to provide students with professional academic writing help. Feel free to contact our company right now!
The main concern for the criminal justice system is to determine and dispense justice. Justice, however, is a concept that is difficult to define. In the administration of criminal justice, it is important to apply the law equally to all citizens irrespective of their social, economic and political discrepancies. It certainly could be argued that the law itself could not be fair if it is discriminating against certain individuals or groups within the society. The major flaw of the criminal justice system is discrimination, on the basis of ethnicity, gender and class. In determining the fairness and effectiveness of the system, the discretionary powers of various agencies have to be evaluated. Is this power empowered upon those agencies being abused in a discriminatory manner? In determining how fair and effective the criminal justice system is, all aspects in relation to discretionary powers, discriminatory behaviour and procedures, the police, the judiciary, corrections, juvenile justice, indigenous issues, victims' rights and offenders' rights need to be scrutinized and evaluated. To illustrate that the criminal justice system is actually an injustice one, there are a few examples we can look at in the Australian context.
The police have enormous discretionary powers - one of which is the power to either charge or divert offenders from the criminal justice system. Within this discretionary power, there is a potential for that power to be abused, especially with corruption being an entrenched culture of the police force. The police have a wide discretion in relation to their law enforcement duties. They may selectively enforce certain laws, or may choose to selectively police certain groups of people. Police discretion has regularly been exercised in a manner that is unacceptable by the general public. It seems that further constraints are necessary to be imposed upon police discretion, particularly in relation to arrest, bail and custodial practices. At the very least, the authority of police in relation to certain aspects of arrest, bail and custodial procedures should be mandatory rather than discretionary and they should be subject to further training, close supervision and monitoring. Complaints about police have included inappropriate responses to hate crimes against homosexuals and their not taking complaints of racial abuse by non-English speaking people seriously. Traditional policing methods are reactive, focusing on street crime and protecting the private property. All these could be seen to have reflected the interests of the dominant group. It is never easy to measure whether the police work effectively or not. However, it could be questioned amongst the claims of corruption and inappropriate responses.
You can order a high-quality custom essay, term paper, research paper, thesis, dissertation, speech, book report or book review from our professional custom writing service. We have employed more than 700 highly qualified Ph.D. and Master's academic writers to provide students with professional academic writing help. Feel free to contact our company right now!
Sunday, April 12, 2009
MBA Research Paper
If you are MBA student who study Business and Management in University you know for sure how difficult is to write MBA research papers assigned by professors and instructors to check up your knowledge in your Business major. But sometimes students need professional assistance in writing such research papers for MBA academic degree as writing a good MBA research paper requires from each and every student splendid writing and analytical skills to be successful in submitting a quality MBA research project. But how to write a successful MBA research paper with someone's help? Are there any guidelines and tips on how to prepare a great MBA paper? Are there any research paper writing services to write my MBA research paper? Who can do my MBA research paper for me? Yes, certainly. There are a huge amount of websites and helpers which can help prepare your MBA research paper, MBA term paper or MBA essay to turn in with excellence. Such instructions can give you only hints and guides for writing your paper BUT if you need professional MBA research paper help you should pay money for custom MBA research paper services provided by special custom writing services which produce custom research papers written by professional MBA research paper writers who are employed by companies to write custom MBA papers in accordance with each customer's specifications and requirements. Such details include deadline, format (MLA, APA, Chicago/Turabian style), quantity of pages to be written and many-many others.
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